I-trachea ifaka umoya ngaphakathi esifubeni, lapho ihlukanisa khona emagatsheni amancane (ubukhulu) obunikeza umoya emaphashini. Ukufiphaza, i-bronchi yenza uhlelo lokunciphisa kancane kancane amashubhu efinyelela zonke izingxenye zamaphaphu. Ziqeda ngamasaka amancane ama-alveolar, lapho amathishu amaphaphu ahlanganisa khona. Kule mibhoshongo emine enezingqimba ukuthi ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka phakathi kwe-air andha. Ipheshana eliphakeme nelingaphansi lokuphefumula yisihloko salesi sihloko.
I-Trachea
I-trachea iqala kusukela ku-cartilage ye-cricoid, etholakala ngezansi kwe-larynx, futhi yehla emgodini wesifuba. Ezingeni le-sternum, i-trachea iphela, ihlukanisa ngamagatsha amabili - i-bronchi engakwesokudla nesobunxele. I-trachea iqukethe izicubu ezinamandla ze-fibroelastic nge-chain of rings ezingavaliwe ze-hyaline cartilage (u-cartilage we-trachea). I-trachea yomuntu omdala yanele (cishe ngu-2.5 cm ububanzi), kuyilapho izinsana ezikuyo ezincane kakhulu (mayelana nepensela ububanzi). Ingxenye engezansi ye-trachea ayinaso ukwesekwa komzimba. Iqukethe ama-fibrous tishu kanye nama-muscle fibers. Le ngxenye ye-trachea itholakala ku-esophagus eseceleni kwayo. I-trachea esigabeni esiphambene iyindandatho evulekile. I-epithelium (i-lining yangaphakathi) ye-trachea iqukethe amangqamuzana e-goblet ahlanganisa amakhemikhali ebusweni bawo, kanye ne-cilia encane, okuyinto, ngokunyakaza okudidiyelwe, ukubamba izinhlayiya zothuli bese ubaxosha emaphashini kuya ku-larynx. Phakathi kwe-epithelium ne-ring cartilaginous ungqimba lwezicubu ezixhumene nazo ezinezimboni ezincane zegazi nezine-lymph, izinzwa nezindwangu ezikhiqiza umqubu wamanzi ku-lumen we-trachea. Esikhathini se-trachea, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezintambo ezithintekayo ezikuvumela ukuba ziguquguquke. I-bronchus eyinhloko iyaqhubeka igatsha, yenza umuthi okuthiwa i-bronchial, ithwala umoya kuzo zonke izingxenye zamaphaphu. Ngokuyinhloko i-bronchus eyinhloko ihlukaniswe i-lobar bronchi, engamaphaphu amathathu alungile, kanti amabili emaphashini angakwesokunxele. Ngamunye wabo uhambisa umoya kwenye ye-lobes yamaphaphu. I-lobar bronchi ihlukaniswe yaba yizincane ezinika umoya ukuhlukanisa iziteshi.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-bronchi
Isakhiwo se-bronchi sifana nesakhiwo se-trachea. Zithambile futhi ziguquguquka, izindonga zazo ziqukethe i-cartilage, futhi ubuso buhlanganiswe ne-epithelium yokuphefumula. Zinezinhlobonhlobo zezinsimba zomzimba, eziqinisekisa ukuguqulwa kobubanzi bazo.
Bronchioli
Ngaphakathi kwezingxenye ze-bronchopulmonary, i-bronchi iyaqhubeka igatsha. Nge-branching ngayinye, i-bronchi iba yinkimbinkimbi, futhi isamba se-cross-sectional area sanda. I-brronchi, ene-diameter yangaphakathi engaphansi kuka-1 mm, ibizwa ngokuthi i-bronchioles. Kusukela kuma-tubes amakhulu amakhulu, ama-bronchioles ahluke ngokuthi izindonga zawo aziqukethe ama-cartilage nama-slime amangqamuzana engxenyeni yangaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, kanye ne-bronchi, banezinhlanzi zomzimba. Ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo kuholela ekwakheni ama-bronchioles esibulalayo, okuthiwa, ahlukaniswe abe yi-bronchioles encane yokuphefumula. Ama-bronchioles aphefumulayo abizwa kanjalo ngoba axhumana ngokuqondile ne-lumen ye-alveoli ethile. Kodwa-ke, basuka emagqumeni avela emathangeni e-alveolar, ahlanganisa ama-bronchioles okuphefumula.
I-Alveoli
I-Alveoli yizikhwama ezincane ezingenalutho nezindonga ezincane kakhulu. Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka kubo. Kungenxa yezindonga ze-alveoli ukuthi i-oksijeni evela emoyeni ophazamisekile ingena ukujikeleza kwe-pulmonary ngokusebenzisa ukusabalalisa, futhi umkhiqizo wokugcina wokuphefumula, i-carbon dioxide, ukhishwa ngaphandle ngaphandle emoyeni okhishwa umoya. Amaphaphu omuntu aqukethe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-alveoli, okuhlanganisa ndawonye indawo enkulu (cishe ngu-140 m2), eyanele ukushintshaniswa kwegesi. Ama-alveoli amaqoqo afana nama-bunches amagilebhisi, atholakala ezifundeni ze-alveolar. I-alveolus ngayinye ine-lumen encane evula esikoleni se-alveolar. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezimbobo ezincane (pores) ebusweni be-alveolus ngayinye, lapho kuxhumana khona ne-alveoli eseduze. Izindonga zabo zigcwele i-epithelium flat. I-alveoli iqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili zamaseli: ama-macrophages (amangqamuzana avikelayo), izinhlayiya zangaphandle ezifaka amaphaphu ngokusebenzisa umthambo wokuphefumula, namaseli akhiqiza i-surfactant-isici esibalulekile sezinto eziphilayo.