Imithi yesimanje ingagcina izingane zizalwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa futhi zisekele ukuthuthukiswa kwazo ukuze zihluke ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa. Noma kunjalo izinga lokuzivumelanisa nezimo lixhomeke esikhathini sokuzalwa kwengane. Ngezinye izikhathi kunokwenzeka ukugwema imiphumela engathandeki, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izici zentuthuko zihlala impilo. Mayelana nokuthi imiphumela yokubeletha ngaphambi kokubeletha kwengane ingaba yini futhi izoxoxwa ngezansi.
Isikhathi esivamile sokukhulelwa kwabesifazane sinamaviki angu-38 kuya kwangu-42. Izingane ezizalwa ngemuva kwamaviki angu 37 angu-37 okukhulelwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zizalwa kanjani, zibizwa ngokuthi izingane ezisanda kuzalwa. Izingane ezazalelwa ngaphambi kweviki lama-37 zibizwa ngokuthi izingane zakudala zakudala noma ezingakazalwa. Njengamanje, imithi yesimanje ingagcina izingane eziphilayo zizalwa ngaphambi komhla ka-27 nangaphambi kweviki lama-25 lokukhulelwa. Lezi zinsana zilinganisa kakhulu kunalokho izingane kufanele zibheke ngesikhathi sokuzalwa - kwenzeka ukuthi zilinganisa ngaphezu kuka-500 g. Naphezu kokungabonakali okukhulu ekuzalweni nasezingcupheni eziningi ezizilindele, izingane ezinjalo zivame ukukhula ngaphandle. Yiqiniso, leli qiniso lokungcoliswa kwangaphambili alikwazi ukudlula ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokulandelela. Ngokuvamile, izingane zihlushwa izitho zangaphakathi nobuchopho. Lokhu kungukuthi, izingane zilandela ngemuva kwengqondo, nakuba lokhu kungadingekile futhi kuncike ezintweni eziningi.
Ukuhlala esigcemeni sokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, njengomthetho, isikhathi eside. Lokhu kungathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa, kuze kube yilapho ingane ithola isisindo esivamile sonyaka wakhe futhi izitho zakhe ngeke ziqale ukusebenza ngokuzimela. Esikhathini esizayo, ukunakekelwa kwengane enjalo kungaphezu kokuvakashelwa okuvimbela ukuvimbela kanye nokugonywa kwezinsana futhi ngokuvamile kudinga ukunakekelwa okwelulekwa nokuthuthukiswa okufanelekayo. Kukhona nezindlela zokuthola ukutholakala kokukhubazeka kokuqala, njengokuzwa nokubona. Ukuxilongwa kokuqala kukuvumela ukuba unikeze usizo olusebenzayo ngesikhathi esifanele nangesilinganiso esifanele.
Imishini edingekayo
Ukulondoloza impilo yengane ezalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, imishini yesimanje iyadingeka. Enye idivaysi enjalo ingumshini wokufaka umshini owenza isisu. Lapho, ingane isesimweni esiseduze ngangokunokwenzeka kulabo abantwana abakha khona ngaphambi kosuku olufanele. Kwakukhona lapho kugcinwa izinga lokushisa elifanele kanye nomswakama. Ngeshwa, kuze kube manje inkinga enkulu yezobuchwepheshe - okufana ne-incubator enamandla kakhulu emsebenzini. Ngomntwana, lokhu akunandaba, nalabo abasebenza ngokuhlangene, banikeza ukuphazamiseka okuningi.
Ngenxa yemiphumela yokubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kuyadingeka ukuthi kudingeke ukuxhuma ingane ekhamera, okuyimpumelelo yokuphefumula. Futhi, ixhunywe kudivayisi yokulawula izitho ezibalulekile. Le divayisi ibonisa imvamisa yezinhliziyo, ukuphefumula, ukuphefumula kwegazi, ukucindezelwa kwegazi. Umsebenzi wayo ukuvimbela ukuphefumula komzimba nokuphefumula futhi uyeke ukuphefumula.
Ngesikhathi sokunakekelwa kwengane engakazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, idivayisi ehlinzeka ngomsoco wayo, ongase uqale ukwenziwa ngezibeletho, okungukuthi, nge-intravenously, isetshenziswa futhi. Ngakho emzimbeni wengane kukhona amaprotheni ahlinzekiwe, amafutha kanye nama-carbohydrate ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa okufanele. Inqubo ekhethekile nayo isetshenziselwa le njongo usebenzisa imithwalo yegazi efanele (umugqa ophelele omncane awuhambisani nokukhululeka okunjalo okukhulu) kanye nepom ehlinzeka izithako zokudla okunomsoco ngaphansi kwezimo zobuningi obuphelele.
Imininingwane yemiphumela yokulethwa kwangaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kwengane
Izinkinga ngokuphefumula
Izingane ezizalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi cishe zihlale zinenkinga yokuphefumula, ngoba amaphaphu abo aqhubekile kakhulu. Basenokuqukethwe okuncane kwabalandeli be-surfactants, ngaleyo ndlela bancishise ukuphazamiseka kwamandla e-alveoli, okubavimbela ukuba bangabi ndawonye ekuphumuleni. Emaphashini we-fetus enempilo, konke lokhu kuvela ezimweni zokuphila cishe emavikini angu-35 okukhulelwa. Izingane ezizalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi (ngaphambi kweviki lama-35 lokukhulelwa) zithinteka ithuba lokuphefumula ngokujwayelekile. Izinto ezisebenzayo eziphezulu zilawulwa yi-inhalation ngokusebenzisa i-tube ye-intubation ngqo emphefumulweni wokuphefumula, ngaleyo ndlela kusiza izingane ngokuphazamiseka kokuphefumula. Lokhu kugwema futhi izinkinga eziningi zokungabi nesikhathi sokuqala (isb., Izinzwa zegazi futhi ezithathelwanayo). Ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu njengendlela yemithi kwakuyisimo sokushintsha ekuhlengiseni izingane ezisencane. Ngeshwa, ezinye izingane ezingakafiki, ikakhulukazi ezivuthiwe, zidinga umoya wokuphuza umoya ngenyanga.
Ngesinye isikhathi lezi zingane zihlakulela izifo zamaphaphu ezingapheli, ezihambisana nokungaqali kwamathambo emaphaphu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezengeziwe ezisetshenziselwa ukugqugquzela ukukhula kwezicubu zamaphaphu. Ziyakhathazeka ikakhulukazi emiphumeleni ebulalayo yomoya-mpilo futhi zijojowe ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokulondoloza izimpilo.
Esikhathini esizayo, izingane. Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngokuvamile kuba iziguli ezinezidingo ezikhethekile. Umphumela wesifo samaphaphu esingapheli kungaholela ekukhuleni okukhulu kwe-spontic bronchitis, i-dyspnea ngesikhathi sokutheleleka, noma ingozi eyengeziwe yokwenza i-asthma.
Izicubu zomzimba
Ezinganeni ezingakabiphi, ubuchopho namanje bukhulile. Kunezinhlangothi ezinhle nokubi kulokhu. Izenzakalo ezimbi ziwukuzwela okukhulu kakhulu kwezicubu ezisabekayo ezisabekayo ukulimala komshini nokuntuleka oksijini okwanele. Kodwa-ke, into enhle ukuthi ukuthi ubuchopho obuningi obuningi bube nobukhulu obukhulu besipulasitiki kanti izicubu zingasetshenziswa esikhundleni salowo mkhakha owonakele ngesikhathi esencane. Noma kunjalo, umonakalo wezicubu zesishukela uthinta kakhulu ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwesimiso sezinzwa zomntwana.
Izingane ezazalwa ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi zivame ukuvame ukubhekana neuroses. Zijwayele kakhulu imizwelo, esebenzayo, zidinga indlela ekhethekile. Ngezingane ezinjalo ngokuvamile akulula ukubhekana nazo, bavame ukukhala, badle kabi, balale kancane. Izimpawu ezinjalo ezingathandeki zigcina zidlule, kodwa isilonda sihlala impilo.
Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi - umama nengane
Ngokushesha ngemva kokubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi, owesifazane kumele athole ingane. Uma kwenzeka ingane ingakwazi ukudla ngokuzimela, ijojowe ubisi lomama ngepentally, ephoqelelwe. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi emahoreni okuqala nezinsuku zokuphila, ubisi nganoma iyiphi indlela engena emzimbeni wengane. Ngenxa yalokhu, umgudu wengane womntwana uvuthwa ngokushesha futhi ufunda ukugaya ukudla. Ubisi lomama luhlinzekela ingane ngokulwa namagciwane okuvumela ukuba ulwe nama-bacteria futhi uyivikele ekutheleleni.
Nakuba umama engaqaleli ukubeletha ingane engakazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, usazoqhubeka nokugcina ubisi. Ngokushesha, isikhathi sokuxhumana ngqo nomntwana nonina sizofika. Uma umama ekwazi ukugcina ukhiqizwa ubisi noma ukuvuselela futhi - lokhu kuyoba usizo oluhle kakhulu ekulungiseleleni ingane. Ingane isivele ikwazi ukuxhumanisa ukusondeza ngokugwinya, ngakho ungazama ukukufaka esifubeni sakho. Izingane ezisengaphambi kokubeletha azilahlekelwa ngumzimba wokuncelisa, ngakho ngokushesha ziyabona ukuthi ziyayidinga. Uma ubisi lukanina lungenele ngokwanele, izingane zisheshe zithole isisindo esifanele futhi ziyashintshwa. Banobunzima obuncane kunelabo abanconywa ngokuhlakanipha.
Indima yokuthintana nokuxhumana okuthintekayo
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuqala kokudla, umama ukamenywa ezinhlobonhlobo zokuxhumana nomntwana: ukuthinta, ukushaya, ukuvuma, ukudlulisa ukushisa, ukulalela umsindo wezinhliziyo. Amama avumela ukumbumbana ingane isikhathi esithile ngemuva kokukhipha kusuka ku-incubator, ukuyicindezela yona, ukushaywa. Le ndlela yokunakekela izingane yayiwusizo kakhulu ezinganeni zangaphambi kwesikhathi. Lokhu kunikeza izinzuzo kokubili ekuthuthukiseni ingane kanye nomama.
Umama kufanele amthinte ingane yakhe, ukhulume naye, umculele. Ucelwa nje ukuba asuse amabhlocwe, abeke imikhono emgqeni futhi ageze izandla ngaphambi kokuwafaka esithombeni. Ngakho-ke umama unikeza ingane kuphela "amahle" amabhaktheriya esikhumbeni, ukuze iphikisana kakhulu nezinhlobo ze-nosocomial.
Ukuxhumeka kwengqondo
Omama abaningi ababeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi bahlushwa ukucindezeleka. Lokhu kuhluke kakhudlwana kwabanye omama abanokucindezeleka kwe-postpartum. Unomqondo omkhulu wecala. Bavame ukuzibuza ukuthi kungani ukubeletha okungakabiphi kwenzeka futhi ukuthi yini okufanele basolwe lapha. Futhi ngisho noma owesifazane engakhulumi ngokuzwakalayo ngokungabaza kwakhe, i-neonatologist iyamsekela futhi inika ithemba lokuthi bangakwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga eziningi.
Ukuba khona kwengane eduze komama kumvumela ukuba akholelwe ukuthi angamenzela okuningi. Angabona ukuthi inhliziyo yomntwana ishintsha kanjani lapho ethinta. Uyeka ukukhala, bese eqala ukulala futhi elele. Unina unethemba lokuba angakwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga.
Ngiyakushiya nini ekhaya?
Ngokuvamile kunezinyanga ezintathu, izinyanga ezine, kuze kube yilapho ingane ezalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ifinyelela isisindo sika 500 kuya ku-1800-1900 amagremu. Ingane ingakhishwa ekhaya kuphela uma udokotela eqiniseka ukuthi angaphefumula ngokuzimela futhi adle, ngokusho kwesisindo sakhe, futhi umama uzobhekana nomntwana ekhaya. Ngesikhathi behlala esibhedlela, abasebenzi bafunda ukunakekela ingane ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kubalulekile nokuba nokuxhumana okuqhubekayo nesibhedlela (isibonelo, ngocingo) uma kuvela ubunzima bokuqala.