Yiziphi izimbangela zomdlavuza ezinganeni, nokuthi ungasusa kanjani lezi zifo, thola ku-athikili ethi "Isifo se-oncological yezingane nentsha."
Ezimweni zokuqala, umdlavuza ezinganeni ungazibonakalisa ngokungaqondakali, ucindezele ngokujulile ukuxilongwa. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqhuba njalo ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha zezingane nentsha. Abazali kufanele baqaphe ukuqapha ingane futhi balalele zonke izimpawu eziphazamisayo ezingase zibonise ukugula. Lezi zimpawu eziphazamisayo zihlanganisa: ukuzithemba, ukushaya ikhanda njalo, ukungabi nesifiso sokudla, ukuphelelwa umkhuhlane ogcwele njalo, ukugula emathanjeni, izindawo ezingavamile, ukuvuthwa, ukuvuvukala, njll. Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza, ukuhlolwa okuncane kakhulu kwezicubu ezonakalisiwe kwenziwa - isibonelo, amasampula omnkantsha wamathambo. Ukuvela kwengane kungakukhumbuza njalo ukuthi kuhluke kanjani kwabanye. Lokhu kuholela ekusongeni, ingane ayifuni ukuya esikoleni. Ukusekelwa kwengqondo okunikezwe ingane kanye nomndeni wakhe kubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu. Uma kukhishwa isisu, udokotela uthumela isiguli ekuhlolweni kwegazi, i-X ray kanye nezinye izivivinyo eziqondile.
Izifo ezingokwemvelo
I-leukemia (i-leukemia). Esinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu ezinganeni ezikhulile ezinganeni, ezinama-23% azo zonke izinhlobo zegciwane. Kulawa, cishe ama-80% amacala we-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (KONKE), eqala emangalisini yamathambo e-lymphocytes, alahlekelwa yizici zawo kanye nemisebenzi yawo bese ephenduka amangqamuzana amancane (lymphoblasts). KONKE kuhlukaniswa
Yini okufanele ingane ikwazi ngokugula kwakhe?
Lolu daba luyinkinga yempikiswano evuthayo. Ochwepheshe abaningi batusa ukuchazela ingane ukuthi kwenzekani ukuze kugweme ukungaqondi, ukuqeda ukwesaba nokufeza ukubambisana okuzimisele ngokwengeziwe. Kunoma yikuphi, abazali ngokwabo kufanele bakhethe umzuzu ofanele wengxoxo enjalo, banqume ukuthi bangachaza kanjani nokuthi bangachaza kanjani ingane, banqume ukuthi badinga usizo olungokwengqondo noma ukusekela, njll. Abantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka eyisithupha ubudala. Kule minyaka, kunzima ingane ukuba iqonde ukuthi ukugula kwakhe noma ukuxilongwa kusho ukuthini, ngakho abazali kufanele bamthulise futhi bachaze ukuthi lokhu akuyona isijeziso nokuthi ingane akenzanga lutho olubi. Kule minyaka yobudala, izingane kanye nentsha zikhathazeka kakhulu ngokuhlukana nabazali babo, kanye nobuhlungu nokuhlukumeza. Kubalulekile ukuthi ingane iqiniseke futhi igcine isimo sengqondo esihle: imphazamise ngamathoyizi kanye nezinye izinto eziqhakazile, zama ukudala isimo esimnandi ngisho nasesigceme sesibhedlela (ungaletha izinto ezintweni zokulala emntwaneni wakho), udlale njalo naye, udumise ngokuziphatha okuhle ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa nokwelashwa. Izingane ezineminyaka engu-7-12. Sebeqala ukuqonda ukuthi isimo sempilo sincike ezidakamizweni, izivivinyo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezincomo zesidokotela. Kancane kancane bayaqaphela ukuthi bayagula, futhi bayaqonda ukuthi yiziphi izimbangela, isibonelo, ukulahlekelwa izinwele. Abazali nezihlobo kufanele baphendule ngobuqotho yonke imibuzo yengane, bahlale behleka, bejabule, bazame ukuthola ukuthi imithwalo yemvelo ivunyelwe enganeni, inikeze imihlangano nabalingane nabo ekilasini, abangani, abazalwane nodade, njll.
Izingane ezingaphezu kweminyaka engu-13. Intsha iyakhathazeka kakhulu ngobuhlobo bezenhlalakahle, bayayiqonda ukuthi lesi sifo singabavimbela ukuba baphile ngendlela abangane babo abahlala ngayo. Ukuzwa sengathi akufani nabantu bonke kule minyaka ebuhlungu ikakhulukazi, ukubuya esikoleni kungahambisana nokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka. Osemusha kufanele abambe iqhaza ekuthatheni izinqumo futhi ekhuluma ngokugula kwakhe, ngakho-ke mcele ukuthi angakhulumi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ahloniphe impilo yomntanakho futhi aze amshiye yedwa nodokotela. Umqondo wokuhlekisa ungasiza ekuqedeni ukuhlaselwa kokungakholelwa emandleni akho. Ngezinhloso ezingokoqobo, i-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ingabhekwa njenge-leukemia ye-tumor. Isifo sikaHodgkin ngokuvamile siyabonakala ezinganeni futhi sihlobene ngqo negciwane le-Einstein-Barr. Kuzo zonke izifo ezingokwemvelo, ukubikezela kokwelashwa kwesifo sikaHodgkin kuyinto enhle kakhulu.
Ukwelapha
Ukuze ukwelashwa komdlavuza ezinganeni nasebancane, ukungenelela okuhlinzekwa ngokuyinhloko, i-chemotherapy, ukwelashwa kwama-radiation kanye ne-immunotherapy kuyasetshenziswa. Uhlobo olulodwa lwezokwelapha ngokuvamile alusebenzi, ngakho luhlangene. I-Chemotherapy iyindlela yokwelapha ephathelene nemithi echaphazela umzimba wonke, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ithinta amangqamuzana namathambo aphilile. Le nethonya ichaza izibonakaliso ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ze-chemotherapy: ukulahlekelwa izinwele, izilonda ezilonda ulcerative, isifo sohudo, isicanuca, njll. Kodwa eyingozi kunazo zonke - ngakho-ke okudinga ukuqapha okusheshayo - ihlala yilezi zithonya njenge-myelosuppression (ukwehla kwamangqamuzana egazi asetshenziswe ematheni). Ngenxa yalokho, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisinciphisa inani lamaseli, ikakhulukazi amaseli egazi abomvu namaplatelets. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi se-chemotherapy, izingane zisengozini yokutheleleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane zidinga ukumpontshelwa igazi uma zine-anemia, noma i-thrombomass, uma kunengozi yokuphuma kwegazi. I-radiation therapy (i-ray ray ye-ray) ivame ukusetshenziswa kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokwelashwa. Emangqamuzaneni akhe omdlavuza abhujiswe yi-irradiation enamandla.
- Izicubu zobuchopho. Ziyingozi noma ziyingozi, ukubikezela kanye nokwelashwa kuxhomeke emangqamuzaneni abavela kuwo, kanye nendawo yesikhumba, ubukhulu bayo, iminyaka yengane, kanye nesimo sempilo jikelele.
- I-neuroblastoma. Lesi sifo, esivame ukutholakala ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila kwengane, sivela ohlelweni lomzwelo oluzwelayo futhi sitholakala kunoma yikuphi ingxenye yaso emgodleni, ngaphakathi kwesifuba noma esiswini somzimba, kodwa kaningi kakhulu emgodini we-adrenal. It ishaya phezu umgogodla, buthaka izitho, kuthinta imisebenzi sphincters.
- I-Retinoblastoma. Lo mdlavuza we-retina awuvamile, kodwa uyimbangela yamacala angama-5% wezinkinga zobungane zobuntwana. Kungatholakala ngaphambi kokuba uneminyaka engu-5, amathuba okuthola kabusha aphezulu, kodwa ukubikezela, ukwelashwa, kanye nethuba lokubuyisela umbono kuxhomeke ekutheni isifo sisakaze kangakanani.
- I-neuroblastoma (i-Wilms tumor). Kungathinta izinso noma zombili izinso, ngokuvamile zivela ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-2-3. Libala cishe ama-10% wegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ezinganeni, ngokuvamile isifo singelapheka.
Naphezu kwezinga eliphakeme lokuphulukisa, umdlavuza usekhona endaweni yesibili ngemuva kwezingozi ezisohlwini lwalezi zimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokufa kwezingane emazweni athuthukile.
- I-osteosarcoma. Enye yezinhlobo ezivamile kakhulu zamathambo e-bone ezinganeni nasebancane. Kuvame ukutholakala emaphethelweni amathambo ende (tibia, femur) nasesifundeni semadolo.
- I-sarcoma ye-Ewing. Owesibini ovame kakhulu ngemva kwe-osteosarcoma yisifo esibi kakhulu samathambo. Ngokuvamile kuthinta insikazi, kodwa ingasakazeka kwamanye amathambo nasemaphashini.
- I-Rhabdomyosarcoma. Okuvame kakhulu kutholakala ngaphandle kwamathambo. Kuhlala njalo kuthinta imisipha, kubandakanya 4-8% yamanomdlavuza ezinganeni.
Ingane egulayo mhlawumbe iyabuza ukuthi kungani evame ukuya esibhedlela, ukuthi kungani ezwa ukhathele futhi evame ukuzwa ubuhlungu, kungani kuhlolwa okuningi kangaka njalo njalo. Uma uthola ulwazi oluningi ezinganeni, ukucindezeleka okungaphansi kwabo futhi ikakhulukazi basiza odokotela ekwelapheni. Kodwa icala ngalinye alihlukile, abazali ngokwabo kufanele banqume ukuthi bangayitshela kanjani nokuthi bangayitshela kanjani ingane. Manje uyazi ukuthi hlobo luni lomdlavuza izingane kanye nentsha.