I-Meshchan ebuhleni
Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, izakhiwo zofuzo eziphathelene nokuhlanganiswa kwama-pedigrees sezilokhu zisebenza isikhathi eside, kuthiwa, eU.SA umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe ezinqolobaneni ubiza kusuka kuma-20 kuya ku-75 dollar ngehora. Kukhona namabhizinisi anjalo eRussia futhi, nakuba ngaphezulu kwengxenye yawo yesithathu kugxile eMoscow, futhi kusukela ngo-1997 - e-Ukraine. Ekupheleni kophenyo, okuyinto ebiza cishe ama-dollar ayizinkulungwane ezintathu, uzonikezwa inzalo yakho ngesimo sencwadi enhle kakhulu noma isithombe esisebunzeni esindayo. Akuwona wonke umuntu ongakwazi ukuchitha imali enkonzweni yesazi, abaningi babheka izimpande zabo ngokwabo, bese bemba ezindaweni ezithakazelisayo kakhulu. Enye yegama lami yakha iwebhusayithi eqoqa ulwazi mayelana namagatsha ahlukahlukene egama lomndeni wethu. Ngiyambonga ukuthi ngiyazi ukuthi okhokho bami abade kakhulu bevela enkulumweni ye-Novgorod, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 baya ukuya emngceleni oseningizimu weMuscovy. Kodwa nginenhlanhla kakhulu ngegama: akuyona into evamile ukuthi amagamabi abonakale ngengozi. Futhi kanjani ukuba abanye Kuznetsov noma Shevchenko, ngubani kuzo zonke egcekeni - noma iyiphi inombolo? Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwemfashini yezinzalamizi isifiso sezwe elihle ukuveza umndeni ohloniphekile. Abathandi bezamabhizinisi abaphumelelayo nabesifazane basemhlabeni, njengokungathi bangasho lutho ezindabeni zokuxoxisana ukuthi okhokho babo kwelinye lemizila - izikhulu noma zibala. Kusukela ezigodini zase-Ukraine, isibonelo, uNatalika Mogilevskaya uphakamisa umndeni wakhe ngqo kuPeter the Grave uqobo, uKatya Buzhinskaya uvela emndenini ohloniphekile wasePoland, kanti uSvetlana Loboda naye wathola ukhokho ngesambatho sakhe. Yebo, uma okhokho abafisa ngegazi elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka abangekho nganoma iyiphi indlela, khona-ke ungaba umsunguli oqhoshayo wobukhosi obusha - isibonelo, uthenge isihloko esihle. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule kusayithi lomphakathi ohloniphekile waseRussia "I-New Elite yaseRussia", isihloko senkosi sibiza izindleko ezingu-12 000 zama euro, inani elingu-8,000, i-baron - 5,000 nengxenye. Kuyiqiniso, manje akukho mkhondo walomphakathi owatholakala kuyi-intanethi. Kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe ezigabeni ezifanayo zofuzo ukuze kuhlanganiswe umdwebo wengubo yomndeni wezingalo ngokuvumelana nayo yonke imithetho yokwazisa. Ngingakukhumbuli kanjani izigaba ezijwayelekile - "I-Meshcherin ehloniphekile" i-Moliere iyadingeka ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, akubona bonke abacebile abafuna ukusungula inzalo. Isibonelo, omunye wabantu abacebile kakhulu emhlabeni, umtshali wezimali uWarren Buffett, uzoshiya amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye enhlanhla yakhe kubantwabakhe - okunye kuzokwakhiwa isisekelo sosizo esasungula. Ngokombono kaBuffett, izingane akufanele zisebenzise lokho abazali bazo abakuthola, kungaba imali, ukuxhumana noma iziqu - kufanele benze konke ngokwabo futhi bangalindeli izipho kusukela ekupheleni. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kufana nombono waseMelika: izinyanga zethu ezanda kusungulwa zithandeka kakhulu. Abafuna izimpande zabo baqamba ngobuciko esikhathini esedlule, njengokungathi ikusasa labo lixhomeke kulo. Kunjengokungathi umgomo wethu ovamile ukufika ku-Adamu no-Eva ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bangabantu abazalwane, hhayi nje ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso. Kungani sidinga konke ukucwaninga okwenziwe isikhathi phakathi kwothuli lomlando? Iyiphi inzuzo esiyithola emininingwaneni mayelana nabakhulu-omkhulu-omkhulu-emva kwakho konke, akuzona neze izicukuthwane nhlobo?
Izimfihlo Zama-Ancestors Akhohlwa
Izinduna zemikhakha yezizukulwane zikhuluma ukuthi amaklayenti abo, okokuqala, amakhono avuthiwe, aqinisiwe. Akukhona ukuthi abantu abasha abanesithakazelo kakhulu kokhokho babo kanye nozalo lozalo. Ukunyuka kwesithakazelo esikhathini esidlule (uma ukuhlanganiswa kwesihlahla somndeni kwakungeyona isiko emndenini) ngokuvamile kuwela kwenye yezinkinga ezihlobene nobudala. Inkinga yisikhathi lapho umuntu evuselela ukuthi ungubani, eqaphela ukuthi isigaba esilandelayo sokuphila kwakhe sesiphelile, futhi kudingeka sibheke into entsha. Ephendukela kumlando wabokhokho bakhe, ufuna impendulo kule mibuzo: "Ngingubani? Ngivelaphi? Ngiya kuphi? "Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi esikhathini sethu, lapho izixhumanisi phakathi kwezizukulwane zibuthakathaka, futhi imibhalo eminingi ebalulekile ilahlekile ngenxa yochungechunge lwezimpi nokuguqulwa. Empeleni, ikhulu lama-20 labona izihlahla eziningi zozalo ezihlakazekile zibe yizikhumba. Eqinisweni, le nqubo yaqala ngasekugcineni kwekhulu le-XIX, lapho imindeni eminingi isuka emadolobheni eya emizini, futhi kulezi zinsuku izithiyo zekilasi zancipha kancane kancane. Emva kwenguquko, le nqubo yaphuthuma: abaningi bafihla iqiniso lokuthi bevela kubahlonishwa noma abefundisi, noma bahamba ngokushesha, balahlekelwa amadokhumenti abalulekile, izithombe kanye nezintambo zomndeni endleleni. I-Civil Civil, bese kuthi iMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ishiye izigidi zezingane ezingenabobaba. Izintandane zakhulela emindenini yangaphandle noma ezintandane, ngezinye izikhathi zikhohlwa ukuthi uma zinezingane zangempela. Eminyakeni yama-60 no-70, abantu abasha nabo basuka emadolobheni baya emadolobheni, bakha imindeni futhi bahlala endaweni entsha. Ngenxa yalokho, ezweni lanamuhla, ikakhulukazi emigodini, kunemindeni embalwa ehlala endaweni efanayo okungenani izizukulwane ezintathu ezilandelanayo. Ukubambisana kwembulunga yonke kubangele negalelo phakathi kwezizukulwane: abantu abasha banamuhla, ikakhulukazi izisebenzi zokudala, bakhetha ukuba izakhamizi zezwe, behamba ngezindawo behlala phesheya isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, inkululeko yomphakathi, inqwenelekayo kwabaningi, ngezinye izikhathi isisindo sethu. Futhi-ke siqala ukuphupha ngamasiko, indlela engabonakali yokuphila, imithetho eqinile evivinywe emakhulwini eminyaka. Kule ndaba, ukuhlanganisa umuntu oyedwa noma ukumane ukhulume nezihlobo ezindala kuyisizo esiwusizo. Ukufunda okuningi mayelana nokuphila esikhathini esedlule, sikuqhathanisa nalokho okwamanje futhi sicabanga ukuthi yiziphi izindinganiso zokhokho bethu okungaba kuhle ukuthatha okwamanje. Futhi uma siphumelela ngokwengeziwe futhi silungisa okwamanje, ngokucacile sizizwa umgodi wokugwedla esikhathini esedlule, okumele ugcwaliswe ukuze ukuphila kutholakale ekutholeni ukuvumelana. Ngakho-ke, kusobala ukuthi abadumile baphupha abahlonishwayo okhokho bethu - izenzo zabo ezikhazimulayo zingaqinisekisa impumelelo etholakalayo okwamanje. Lesi sifiso esifanayo sokutshela umhlaba wonke ngempumelelo yokhokho bawo singafakazela nokungaqiniseki esimeni sabo samanje: akuyona impumelelo engafanele, engafanelekile, ngokuqinisekiswa okudingekayo ukuba uthuli emifanekisweni yomndeni, eyiqiniso noma inkohliso? Kodwa-ke, manje yonke iplanethi yindawo engaphephile futhi engaphephile, ngakho-ke isidingo sechweba elithulile, isidleke somndeni sisebenza kakhulu. Siphila ezweni lezithombe zemidiya ezakhiwe ngabathengisi. Lezi zithombe, ezithunyelwa njengezindinganiso - owesifazane wesimanje kufanele abe, futhi umuntu onjalo-angenele, asididanise, asenze sizizwe singaphansi, uma singahambisani nemigomo ebekiwe kulawa noma leyo mingcele. Ukufuna okuthile okuyiqiniso, okwamanje, sifisa ukuthinta umlando wabokhokho bethu. Ukujwayela okufanayo kufana ne-retro fashion, isivini, okwenziwa ngezandla: ezweni lezokuxhumana, abantu baqala ukuphupha ngamaqiniso ahlala njalo, futhi bawafuna esikhathini esedlule, okuyinto ngesizathu esifanayo esithandwa kakhulu. Akuyona ingozi futhi ku-psychotherapy, ukuthandwa kwezindlela ezihlobene nokutadisha ubuhlobo bomndeni kuyakhula.
Izwi legazi
Abesifazane bavame ukuba nesithakazelo esikhathini esidlule semindeni yabo lapho bezakhela ngokwabo-ngokwesibonelo, ngenkathi balinde ingane noma bevele bevele eholidini lokubeletha. Ukubeletha, njengokungathi, kusebenze kithi isiphetho se-archaic sowesifazane-ukuba ngumlondolozi womndeni. Ezikhathini zasendulo umndeni wawuholwa ngumama, hhayi ngobaba, njengamanje. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi lesi siko sagcinwa phakathi kwamaJuda, naphezu kokuthi isiko labo kunomlando wezinzalamizi. Okhokho bethu bavela eqinisweni elilula ukuthi uyise wengane angase angaziwa noma cha kulowo muntu owesifazane oxoxisana naye ekugcineni - kodwa konke kucacile nonina. Ukufunda umndeni wakhe, umama wesikhathi esizayo ufuna ukusekela nokusekela umndeni omusha ezizukulwaneni zokhokho bakhe, ikakhulukazi emgqeni wesifazane. Ukufuna ukuxhumana nabokhokho kufanelana nesidingo, okuyinto izazi zengqondo ezibiza umqondo wobulungu - umqondo wokuba ngumuntu. Lesi sidingo esingenakuqhathaniswa, ngendlela, sixhashazwa nabathengisi: khumbula ukuthi ukukhangisa akuthengi izimonyo eziningi noma ukudla njengesevisi eqenjini elithile, elite elihle labantu abahle, abacebile nabaphumelelayo. Ngokulalela lo mzwa, intsha iqoqa ngamaqembu futhi amaqembu angakahleleki, futhi abantu abadala bahlangana ku-intanethi emaforamu nasemiphakathini ephathelene nabo. Kodwa intuitively sihlale sizizwa ukuthi izibopho ezingenakunqotshwa yizibopho zegazi. Ukwaziswa kokhokho babo kusisiza ukuba sihlale sizwa ukusekelwa kwabo okungabonakali, lokhu kungumhlobo wengxoxo phakathi neminyaka efile isikhathi eside, kodwa abantu abasondelene kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi ucwaningo lwama-genealogical luholela emiphumeleni engalindelekile - kusukela ezindabeni ezibucayi zokuphila, okukhumbuza amanoveli adventure, ekugcineni kwezindinganiso zomndeni. Kodwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukubuyela ezindaweni ezihlobene nobaba bethu akunikezi amabhonasi, ngaphandle kwemizwelo, kodwa ziba namandla kakhulu kangangokuthi cishe yonke into esiyizwayo phambi kwabo igcwele phambi kwabo. Isazi sezengqondo sengitshele indaba yowesifazane ovela emndenini wezifiki ezivela e-Ukraine ezakhulela eMelika, kodwa ngelinye ilanga wanquma ukuthola izimpande futhi ngenxa yale njongo yafika e-Ukraine. Ehamba ensimini engamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye lapho umkhulu wakhe etshalwe khona, wathola injabulo eqine kakhulu, okuhlangenwe nakho okuqhakazile kakhulu, okufana neyengqondo noma yenkolo. Kubonakala ukuthi okwedlule, ehlanganiswe emgqonyeni ongaziwayo, uqukethe imali enamandla yamandla, okungeke kuphuze ukwabelana nabacwaningi abafuna ukwazi. Kungukuba khona kwaleli gugu eliyigugu okwenza kube nzima ukucabangela umsebenzi kulesosizukulwane sakho njengokuchitha isikhathi. Futhi akukhathaleki nhlobo ukuthi okhokho babedume ngento ethile noma babehlwanyelwe ekuthungeni, babe nesambatho somndeni wezingalo, noma bebengakwazi ukufunda. Thina sikhetha lokho esikutshalayo: ukufeza nokuthuthukisa igama lomuntu - noma ebuhlotsheni, ukusiza abantu. Okhokho bethu nabo benza ukukhetha. Ukufunda uhlu lozalo lwakho, ungathola izibonelo eziningi zendlela okhokho bethu abathobekileyo abatshala ngayo ebuhlotsheni, basize abanye, babenomusa futhi bathembekile. Futhi ungazitshela ukuthi: Anginayo ingubo yezingalo, kodwa angiyena "u-Ivan, hhayi isihlobo" - Ngazalwa ngenxa yezizukulwane eziningi zabantu abafanelekayo. Lokhu kuyisekelo esingeke siphumelele.
I-pedigree in vitro
I-pedigree yakho ingenziwa kuphela izazi-mlando, kodwa futhi odokotela - ngokuhlaziywa okukodwa. I-Genetics ayivumeli kuphela ukubikezela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezithinta izifo, kodwa ibuye ikhanyise imvelaphi yakho. Igama elithi "i-genomics" lavela ngoSeptemba 1990, ngokuqaliswa kohlelo lwe-Human Genome Project. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwalesi sayensi kwenzeka kakhulu kakhulu - lapho kwacaca ukuthi ngezifo zomuntu kubalulekile ukucinga "ithrekhi yesigeni". Ukuhlaziywa okwedlule kakhulu kwe-genome kwenziwa ngamathe, futhi kwanele ukukwenza kanye kuphela ekuphileni. Yenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-biochips. Okubalulekile kwalokhu buchwepheshe yilokho ku-chip (kungafaniswa nokukhokhwa kwikhompyutha yomsakazo) ngendlela ethile, izingcezu ze-DNA "ezigcotshiwe". Kuye ngokuthi amandla e-biochip, singakwazi kanjani ukubala ama-SNP amamiliyoni amaningana (amaphuzu aguquguqukayo we-genome). Zithinta ukwakheka kwesimo sezakhi zofuzo eziningana zezifo. Ukufundwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu kwenza kube lula ukukhomba ngezihlobo zofuzo ezisekelwe ku-DNA efana nomugqa womama, kanye nakwabesilisa nakwe-haplogroups (i-DNA ephindaphinda). Ukuphumelela ekunqumeni i-genome yomuntu ikuvumela ukuba uthole izihlobo zakho phakathi kwabantu abaningi base-Asia, base-Afrika naseYurophu, futhi nithole ukuthi okhokho bakho bavelaphi. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-genome yomuntu ishintshile ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinguquko zenzeke futhi "zihleliwe" kulo, lapho kungenzeka khona ukulandelela ukufuduka kohlanga lwesintu. Ukwaziswa ngemvelaphi yakho kubalulekile ekunqumeni ukufakwa kwezifo ezithile ezifweni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amanye amaqembu ezizwe athambekele kakhulu kwizifo zofuzo kunezinye. Isibonelo, i-cystic fibrosis ijwayele kubantu baseYurophu, futhi isifo esiyinzalo saseNijman Peak ingozi ethile kumaJuda ase-Ashkenazi. I-genomics ikuvumela ukuba uhlole ingozi yokufa okungazelelwe - okuthiwa "ukufa ngokungazelelwe kwesifo" kwenzeka ngenxa yokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekulawuleni isigqi senhliziyo. Udokotela ozovela ku-genome yakho angakwazi ukufunda kuphela iziqu ezibhekene nezifo, kodwa futhi nokuziphendukela kwemithi, ukumelana ne-HIV, ukubekezelelana kwe-lactose ngayinye, amakhono ezemidlalo nokunye okuningi.