Ngokufika kwezindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, umbuzo wokufundisa zonke izinhlobo zokuhlakanipha uba osebenzayo kusukela osukwini lokuqala lokuvela kwamaphuphu ukukhanya. Kodwa ngeke sihambe ngokweqile, sihambe kakhulu, futhi ngokujwayelekile - "ukudlwengula" ingane enezinhlamvu nezibalo, sizozama ukudala zonke izimo zokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo nemvelo, futhi siqale ngemithetho embalwa ebalulekile ezosiza ukwenza amakilasi nengane yomntwana emnandi futhi Izindlela ezintsha zokuthuthukisa intuthuko yengane - isihloko sendaba.
Musa ukulimaza!
Lona ngumthetho oyinhloko noma yikuphi ukuxhaphazwa okwenziwe ngokwakho, ingane ethandekayo. Umbuzo uwukuthi, yini engalungile ngokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo, inzuzo eyodwa kuphela enhle. Kwakungekho lapho. Ngokuphambene nesifiso sakho sokuba ngabazali be-Mozart noma uSophia Kovalevskaya omusha, ingane (nokuthi imuphi uhlobo oye waba khona) ingaba nombono wayo kulokhu.
♦ Ingane kufanele ilungele ukufunda - ingamelani nezifundo, ngenjabulo ukuthola ulwazi olusha ngokulingana nokuthi ilungele ukulifunda.
♦ Akusizi ngalutho ukuqala ukuqeqesha ngemuva kokugula noma ukuphazanyiswa, izinguquko kanye nokucindezeleka empilweni yengane (ukuphulwa komkhuba wansuku zonke, ukufakwa kokudla okuhambisanayo, ukuhamba, ukuphumula).
♦ Izifundo ezinganeni kufanele zakhiwe ngendlela yomdlalo, ungahlali isikhathi eside (amakilasi okuqala angadlula amasekhondi angu-30, kancane kancane akhulise ubude emaminithi angu-1-2).
♦ Uma uhlangabezana nokuphikiswa kwengane, ungamcindezeli futhi umphoqe ukuba akwenze.
Indlela yokusebenzisa iMasaru Ibuki
Inqubo yalowo mshazi (hhayi isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, hhayi uthisha, kodwa umsunguli we-Sony Corporation kanye noyise wengane, isiguli esinomdlavuza we-cerebral palsy) isekelwe kwisiqubulo esithi "Emva kwezintathu sekuphuzile kakhulu". Leli yigama lencwadi yamaJapane adumile, owaphulukisa yonke imibono ekhona mayelana nokukhuliswa kwezingane eminyakeni yama-1970. Umbhali ugcizelela ukuthi kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu ubuchopho bomuntu bubhekene nesigaba esicacile nesingavamile sokuthuthukiswa: phakathi nalesi sikhathi kuze kufike ku-70-80% yezixhumanisi ze-neural phakathi kwamaseli obuchopho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, 90% yomsebenzi onjalo ojulile uwela ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila kwengane. Iyini ukuqeqeshwa? Kulokho, unikeza ingane ukuthi ifunde isayensi ehluke ngokuphelele. UMasaru Ibuka wayekholelwa ukuthi "i-algebra yengane ayinzima nakakhulu kune-arithmetic," okungukuthi, ingqondo yengqondo yengane iyakwazi ukuthatha ulwazi oluningi, naphezu kokubukeka okunzima, kuyilapho umlobi wezinqubo eqhubeka esebenza cishe nemithombo yokuqala. imvuthu, ungazami ukuyifaka emibonweni yakho "elinganiselwe", ubheke imithombo yokuqala - yonke ingcebo yempucuko yomhlaba. Vumela ingane esemdala ukuba ibone izithombe zabaculi abahle, uzwe imisebenzi yabaculi abahle, thandane nezinkondlo zezimbongi ezinkulu. Ukugxila okukhulu emasu kaMasaru Ibuki kwenziwa ekutadisheni izilimi zangaphandle kanye nomculo. U-Ibuka wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuzijwayeza komculo ekuqaleni kwenza izingane zingathuthuki kuphela eminyakeni, kodwa futhi zibafundisa ukuba bagxile, bazivumelane nabo kanye nezwe elibazungezile. Ngokutadisha umculo usencane, kamuva ingane izokwazi ukubhekana nakho konke okunye kwezesayensi. Ukubaluleka okukhulu kwakunamathele ekuthuthukiseni ingane ngokomzimba. UMasaru Ibuka wayekholelwa ukuthi izingane ezivela ekuzalweni kufanele zifundiswe ukubhukuda, ngokushesha nje lapho zima ngezinyawo zazo. Ngakho-ke ezinganeni, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinyathelo kuhamba ngokushesha futhi kungcono, umzimba kanye nama-muscular squelets are formed.
Indlela yeNikolai Zaitsev
Kungani ufundisa ukufunda nokubala ingane engakakwazi ukukhuluma? Ukuze ngesikhathi sokukhuluma owaziwayo kakade wayazi kakade konke lokhu. Ama-geek amancane akhuliswa yindlela ye-innovator-innovator-innovator-innovator, uNikolai Zaitsev. Inqubo kaZazitsev isekelwe ekusebenzeni ngamagubhu anama-syllables namatafula endonga. Ingane ifunda ukwengeza amagama kusuka kuma-syllables, engakakwazi ukukhuluma. Kulesi simo, ama-cubes ahlukile komunye nomunye ngokugcwaliswa komsindo, ukuze inqubo yokukhumbula "okungenakuqondakala" ekugcinwa kwempahla yengane inikwe lula.Ukusekwa kwama cubes kufakwe amatafula eludongeni, okudingeka ukuthi usebenze nsuku zonke (bonisa imvuthu yokugcina impahla kanye nezwi) kanye nekhasethi noma idiski efanayo ama-syllables ahlaziywe ngumbono wezingoma zezingane ezidumile. Lokhu nakho kunomthelela ekukhanda okusheshayo nokulula.Ikhono linikeza umphumela omuhle kakhulu, futhi yamukelwa njengendlela yokufundisa ukufunda kwezinye izinkulisa. Ama-syllables angesiNgisi nesiNgisi.
I-Glen Doman Method
Le nqubo yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwabantwana abanokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho obunzima. Ngenxa yokuphumelela kwalolu hlelo, liye lasetshenziselwa izingane ezinempilo. Umlobi walo, udokotela wezinzwa-gciwane wase-Glen Doman, wayekholelwa ukuthi ngokuthonya enye yezinzwa zomuntu, umuntu angakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho lonke. Ngakho-ke, ekhombisa amakhadi akhethekile nsuku zonke (isibonelo, amakhadi angu-10 emasekhondini angu-10), udokotela uthole imiphumela emangalisayo - izingane ezincane ezishiye ngemuva ekuthuthukiseni, eminyakeni engama-2-3 zazibambisana neziqu zabo ezinempilo. Amakhadi angenziwa ngokwabo (ngemuva kwesizinda esimhlophe emafetheni ahlukene abhalwe ngefonti abomvu), kodwa kungenzeka, futhi ukuthenga, kuyabuhlungu kanzima lokhu kusungulwa - ukuzenza ngokwakho. Amakhadi aboniswa ngamabhuloki athile (isibonelo, izinyoni noma izinto zangaphakathi). Ezinye zihambisana nezithombe.
I-Technique Cecil Lupan
Ngemva kokuzama amadodakazi akhe inqubo yeGlen Doman, umlingisi nomama uCecil Lupan banquma ukuyivuselela kancane kancane. Ngakho uhlelo lwakhe lokufunda lokuqala lwazalwa. UCecil Lupan ukholelwa ukuthi izinyanga eziyishumi nambili zokuqala kwengane zibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwakhe, ngalesi sikhathi, ukuzethemba ekuthandweni kwezwe kwakha, yonke imizwa emihlanu ikhula, ukusebenza komntwana. Kufanele isetshenziswe njalo ngeminithi ukuze kuzuze ukuthuthukisa imvuthu. Ukuvame ukugqoka ezandleni zakho (lokhu kuvuselela izinzwa ezithinta inhliziyo), khuluma okuningi ngakho, uhlabelele izingoma, utshele izinkondlo, uthathe amathoyizi avela ezintweni ezahlukene (uthuthukisa amakhono amancane amathuthuthu). Njengomsebenzi wokufundisa uLupan wasebenzisa ama-encyclopedias ayenziwe ngokwabo. Ama-encyclopedias anjalo angathengwa namhlanje, kodwa ungakwenza ngokwakho. Ngakho, qoqa ukuchofoza kumamagazini ahlukene, izincwadi ezindala, imifanekiso evela kwi-Inthanethi, inikezelwe esihlokweni esisodwa (isibonelo, izinyoni noma izithuthi). Thatha i-albhamu yokudweba, unamathisele isithombe esisodwa kukhasi ngalinye, futhi ngaphansi kwalo bhala igama ezinhlokweni ezinkulu ze-block. Izidingo zemifanekiso zifana nalokhu: kufanele zibe njengezingokoqobo futhi zicacile ngangokunokwenzeka, kuyadingeka ukuthi ayikho imininingwane engadingekile esithombeni, ukuze kungabi ukudideka kwengane.
Indlela yokufundisa nguMaria Montessori
Lokhu cishe kuyindlela ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabafundisi be-kindergartens nezindawo zokuthuthukiswa zakuqala. Izinto zokufundisa zalolu hlelo lokuqeqesha zingatholakala kalula kunoma yisiphi isitolo sokudlala. Lezi zonke izinhlobo zama-frames-liners nama-laces. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthando olukhulu phakathi kwabantu abadala kanye nezingane (nakuba lidala) lisetshenziselwa imidlalo ehlukahlukene ekuthuthukiseni amakhono amakhono emoto (ukuhlunga nokuhlunga ubukhulu bezinamba nobhontshisi, isibonelo). UMaria Montessori wayekholelwa ukuthi abantu abadala kufanele bakhuthaze kakhulu ingane ukuba ithathe isinyathelo esizimele. Akuyona into yokuthi incwadi eyaziwa kakhulu yile mbhali ibizwa ngokuthi "Ngisize ngikwenze ngokwami." Ungayisebenzisa kanjani le nqubo ekufundiseni izingane kuze kube unyaka? Ukugqugquzela noma yikuphi ukuzamazama komntwana ukufunda okuthile, funda, ukhethe amathoyizi wengane kusuka ezintweni ezihlukene, unikeza ithuba lokuthinta ukuze uqiniseke, isibonelo, ukuthi indwangu yelinki neyaluhlaza ihluke kanjani, lapho ingane ifunda ukuhlala ngokuzethemba futhi iqala ukudlala ngamapiramidi kanye namacube (kusukela ezinyangeni ezingu-7-8), mnike izindebe zeplastiki ubukhulu, bavumele bazame ukubeka omunye komunye, ngesikhathi esifanayo beqondise imiqondo ye "okungaphezulu." Ukunikeza amahlumela ithuba lokuqonda umehluko phakathi, isibonelo, ubhontshisi kanye nama-peas, ungashiyi umcwaningi omncane kuphela ngezingcebo zakho - angazigwinya noma azifake esitokisini.
Inqubo kaMaria Gmoshinskaya
Le nqubo ayiklanyelwe kakhulu ukufundisa ingane indlela yokudweba, kungakanani ukuthuthukiswa kwengane. Ukusebenza ngokubambisana, ingane ivuselela ukuphela kwemizwa eminwe, okuthinta futhi ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho sonke. Ungaqala ukudweba kusuka ezinyangeni ezingaba ngu-6, lapho ingane ifunda ukuhlala ngokuzethemba. Thatha ishidi elikhulu lika-Whatman, uhlale naye emntwaneni futhi umbonise ukuthi ungayidonsa kanjani. Okuthiwa - ukucwenga iminwe yakho, ngisho nayo yonke ipeni ngaphakathi kwipende bese ushayela eceleni kwephepha. Ungadonsela kokubili kwesokunxele nangesokudla. Ngokuvamile, zama ukungalinganisanga ingane emibonweni yakhe mayelana "nomdwebo oqondile", kholwa kimi, ngezinga lokungena isitembu kanye nobuciko bokucabanga, izingane zizoqala ikhanda kunoma yimuphi umuntu omdala, ngendlela, awukwazi ukudweba ngezandla zakho kuphela, kodwa ngemilenze nezinye izingxenye zomzimba wakho. ezinobuthi, hypoallergenic, efanelekayo ezinganeni (zidayiswa ezinganeni zamathoyizi kanye nezitolo zokudala izinto.) Lungele ukuthi ingane ngeke ichithe nje kuphela, kodwa futhi "iyopenda" yonke indawo.
Unyaka wokuthola
Unyaka wokuqala wokuphila kwengane yisikhathi esimangalisayo sokuthuthukiswa kwemvuthu. Ngeke uphinde uphile empilweni yengane engeke ihlangane nesikhathi sokukhula okusheshayo. Ikhula ngokukhuphuka futhi imingcele ngezindlela eziningi ngesikhathi esifanayo: ngokwengqondo, ngokomzwelo, ngokomzimba. Lokhu kwaziwa kakhulu kubahlengikazi kanye nabafundisi. Ngakho-ke, sincoma ukuthi singaphuthelwa usuku olulodwa. Sebenzisa lezi zinyanga ezingu-12 ukusiza ingane ukuba ibhekane nokucindezeleka kokuzalwa, futhi ifunde okuningi okusha, okumangalisayo. Futhi khumbula ukuthi isifundo esibaluleke kunazo zonke izikhukhula manje ukuthi ufunde ukuthi uyayithanda.