Isikhathi sesikhashana
Ukuguqulwa ekuvuthweni kuya kancane kancane. Izigaba zayo azihlanganisi kakhulu nezinguquko zezinto eziphilayo njengezinga lemfundo neziqu zezobuchwepheshe. Ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esisodwa kuya kwesinye kungakhunjulwa ngokudlulisa ukuhlolwa kwelayisensi yokushayela yezikole zesikole kwabaphothula iziqu esikoleni noma ukugubha iminyaka engu-18. Umcimbi ngamunye onjalo umelela esinye isinyathelo ohambweni olude ukuya ekuvuthweni nasekuzimele.
Ukuzimisela kokuzimela
Emphakathini wanamuhla kungase kube nzima ukucacisa ukuthi ingabe intombazane iba yizimele ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, abafundi abaningi abaneminyaka engu-25 ubudala basencike ngokwezimali kubazali babo.
• Ukuzimela, kokubili kwezezimali nezomzwelo, kuyisihluthulelo sokuvuthwa. Ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukucacisa iminyaka yokufezeka kwayo, noma izibopho zomsebenzi. Futhi, ngenxa yentengo ekhuphukayo yezindlu, kukhona ukuthambekela kokuhlala isikhathi eside endlini yabazali. Ebusheni, izibonakaliso zokuqala zokuzibusa eziboniswa izingane ziyaziwa ngokuthi "cha" noma "Ngifuna ukuzenza ngokwami". Lapho izingane ziqala ukujabulela inkululeko enkulu ekuhambeni kwabo, ziyaqaphela ukuthi ziyizici ezihlukene nabazali bazo. Ukuhlaselwa kwentukuthelo, isici sonyaka oneminyaka emibili, kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi izingane zifuna ukuzenza zodwa. Kodwa-ke, lesi sifiso sihambisana nomzwelo wokuthukuthela ngenxa yokungakwazi ukubhekana nazo zonke izinkinga zezwe ezisizungezile. Lapho uneminyaka ephakathi kweminyaka emibili no-3 ubudala, izingane eziningi ziqala ukuzizwa njengabantu abazimele. Ulwazi lokuzivocavoca luholela embonisweni yokuqala yozwela - ikhono lokuqonda nokuphendula ngokufanele imizwa yabanye.
Ukwenza ukukhetha
Isikhathi sokukhula yisikhathi lapho insizwa ikhetha ukuthi ingabe ishiya isikhathi sayo esidlule futhi ibe ngumuntu ohlukile noma uzama ukufaka okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambili ekuzikhuliseni. Indlela yokuvuthwa ihlanganisa izigaba ezithile ekuphileni komuntu osemusha. Isibonelo, ukudlulisa izivivinyo zokushayela amalayisense yisibonelo sokwandiswa kwenkululeko. Ukuthukuthela okwenziwe kahle kwentukuthelo ezincane kuyabonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kwabo nesifiso sokuzimela kanye nokungakwazi ukuzinakekela. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Eric Erickson ukholelwa ukuthi yonke intsha ibhekana nobunzima obuntu - iphuzu lapho umuntu omdala angakhula khona ngandlela-thile. Kuyabonakala lapho intombazane engakaze isinqume ukuthi ubani ofuna ukuzibona yena nokuthi angathanda ukuzibonakalisa kanjani. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, intsha ijwayele ukuzama ukugqoka izingubo ngendlela yokuziphatha ebuhlotsheni kanye nokuphila
Ukuvumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo
Ngokungafani no-Erickson, ezinye izazi ze-psychologists zithi izinguquko zobuntu zixhomeke kakhulu kwimvelo eguqukayo kunokuba kudala noma ukuvuthwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Bakholelwa ukuthi esimeni esisha sezenhlalakahle, izinguquko zenzeka kumuntu ovuthiwe ngokusebenzisa ukusabalalisa komuntu siqu, futhi le nqubo ingaqhubeka kuyo yonke impilo. Labo abafisa imfundo ephakeme, izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu ziyabonakala phakathi nezifundo zabo ekolishi noma enyuvesi, hhayi esikoleni iminyaka.
• Ukuzwa ukuthi uyingxenye yeqembu lezenhlalakahle kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abasha, kanye nokwamukelwa kwezenhlalakahle phakathi kwabanontanga. Intsha ijwayele ukwabelana ngezinto ezithandwayo zontanga kumculo nezingubo. Ekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi neminyaka ukulahla kancane kancane ubungane esimweni esifanayo sobulili obufanayo. Emaqenjini angqingili, imibhangqwana ivame ukubunjwa. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ubuntu obusakhulayo bomuntu osemusha bukhuthazwa kangcono ukuze kuzuzwe impumelelo lapho yena nabazali bakhe behlanganyela imibono yabo empilweni ngendlela enobungane.
Ubungane
Umqondo wokuba eqenjini kubalulekile lapho intsha isendaweni engathathi hlangothi - lawa akuzona izingane, kodwa hhayi abadala. Ezinye izazi zezenhlalo zithi izingane zakha isiko elihlukile ngezinga elincane, lihambisana nomphakathi wonke. Isithombe sezobuhlobo nobungane bezenhlalo ziguquka njengoba zikhula. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ubungane buvame ukubhekwa emkhatsini wesimo sobulili obufanayo emaqenjini amancane. Phakathi nesikhathi sokukhula, amaqembu amakhulu abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane. Izakhamuzi eziningi zengqondo zikholelwa ukuthi izinguquko eziningi ebuntwini bentsha zithinteka yizimo ezithile futhi izinguquko ezinkulu zenzeka ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme nasezingeni eliphezulu, hhayi esikoleni.
Ukuhlukaniswa nomndeni
Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhulelwa, ubudlelwane obungane bugxila emisebenzini ehlangene, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amantombazane aphikelela ekufezeni nasekugxileni kakhulu ubungane phakathi kontanga yabo.
Idealism
Njengoba ukhula, umqondo wemibono ungavela. Ikhono lokucabanga okungabonakali livumela intsha ukuthi iveze ezinye izinhlelo zomndeni, ezenkolo, ezombusazwe nezokuziphatha. Abantu abadala, abanokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okuphila okukhulu, banokubukwa okungafani nakakhulu okungafani phakathi kwale mibono emibili kuthiwa "ingxabano yesizukulwane." Umgomo wanoma imuphi umndeni ukugcina ingane ikhulume nabazali bayo ukuze iqhubeke nokulalela izeluleko zabo, kodwa kumongo wenkululeko enkulu.
Ukuhlonipha okufanayo
Isigaba sokugcina sokukhula, lapho izingane zisencike ngokwezimali, kungaba nzima kakhulu. Umndeni kumele uvumelane nezici zezigaba ezimbili zabantu abadala abahola impilo ehlukene. Intsha idinga inkululeko yokuhamba, imfihlo; bafuna ukuthatha abangane babo endlini futhi banomuzwa wokuthi bangavuka bese belala lapho beyithanda. Kodwa ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi umuntu omdala uqobo, umuntu kufanele azimele futhi akhululeke ekulawuleni kwabazali.