Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, etafuleni lesidlo sakusihlwa, kaningi kukhona izinkomishi ezihlukahlukene kanye namacwecwe angalingani nomunye nombala. Kodwa lapho izivakashi zifika kithi, ngifuna ukuthola inkonzo yomndeni kusuka emabhasini, lapho zonke izinto zikhona ngesitayela esifanayo. Futhi-ke ukudla okujwayelekile kuyaguqula umkhosi omuhle.
Umlando wokukhonza ithebula lokugubha kusukela esikhathini esidala kuya ezinsukwini zethu uqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-2000 edlule. Kwakusekuqaleni kwezikhathi zanamuhla ukuthi amaShayina asungula i-porcelain. Babethanda ngempela ukudla okuthakazelisayo, bakhonza izitsha ezimhlophe ezimhlophe, ezihlotshiswe ngezigcawu zenganekwane noma zansuku zonke. Futhi ngenkathi sisusa itiye kusuka ezinkomishini ezinhle ezinomsoco. Sekuyisikhathi eside bagcinwa ngokucophelela emakhelwane imfihlakalo yemilingo ye-china. EGibhithe lasendulo naseMesopotamiya kwavela nomqondo wokwenza imikhiqizo ye-ceramic egcwele i-glaze. Kodwa, cishe, bakhumbuza ukukholelwa kwanamuhla. Ukuyikhiqiza, izinto ezifanayo zazisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-porcelain, kanye nobuchwepheshe obufanayo. Umehluko wawukuphela kwesilinganiso sezingxenye.
EYurophu, imfihlo yaseMpumalanga isikhathi eside akekho othakazelisayo ikakhulukazi. Izitsha zenziwe ngobumba, izinkuni, zensimbi. Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, abantu abavamile babelana izitsha ezivamile, lapho wonke umndeni wadla khona. Ngezinye izikhathi ukushintshwa kwamapuleti - ngisho nabacebile - bakhonza iziqephu ezinkulu zesinkwa. Bavame ukubeka ukudla okuqakathekileyo nezincezu zenyama. Kodwa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kabusha ezindlini eziqinile, kwakungaba lula ukubona amapuleti ngamanye amatafula. Ukwakhiwa ngokujulile nokukhiqizwa kobuciko obuhle kakhulu. Wazama ikakhulukazi amaNtaliyane, aphefumulelwe imisebenzi yamakhosi aseMoror, owafaka imikhiqizo ye-ceramic nge-tin glaze.
Futhi phakathi neminyaka ye-17 neye-18, ngenxa yokutholakala kwemigwaqo emisha yasolwandle, iziphuzo ezidakayo zavela eYurophu: itiye, ikhofi, i-cocoa. Babedinga izitsha ezikhethekile: izinkomishi ezinhle, ama-saucers nama-teapots. Abahwebi bathatha kalula i-porcelain eliyigugu emazweni asempumalanga futhi bathengisa eYurophu ngemali enkulu. Abacwaningi bebuhle baqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi kwakukuhle kangakanani ukujabulela ukudla kwasekuseni ngezinto ezibuciko ezivela kule ndaba. Futhi, ekugcineni, babefuna ukukwenza ngokwabo.
Lapho uMongameli waseSaxony u-Augustus Strong ememela enkonzweni yakhe umakhemikhali uJohn Betger. Lo makhemikhali wathembisa ukuvula indlela yokwenza igolide. Intaba-alchemist ayizange ifunde ukukhipha le nsimbi. Kodwa, ngokulandela isibonelo samaShayina, weza nge-recipe yokwenza i-porcelain evela ku-kaolin. I-Kaolin ingumbumba omhlophe wepulasitiki, owenziwe nge-feldspar nge-mica emhlophe, kanye ne-quartz noma isihlabathi.
Kumelwe ngithi ukupheka kwe-porcelain esempumalanga kwakungelutho oluyigugu kunegolide. U-August Strong waqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi yiziphi izinzuzo ezenziwe. Futhi ngo-1710 wayala ukuba kwakhiwe ngaphansi komshini waseDresden Meissen we-porcelain, owaba udumo ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni, abaculi be-Saxon badweba imikhiqizo ngesitayela saseMpumalanga. Kodwa kancane kancane baqala ukuhlobisa ngezindwangu ezihlukahlukene kakhulu nezithombe - amathafa, ukuzingela izigcawu nezinye izinto ezinhle. Okufanelekile lezi zinto zobuciko zibiza kakhulu! Kodwa ukufunwa kwabo kwakunzima kakhulu. Amakhasimende acebile, kuhlanganise namakhosi avela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, awayala izinto ezingekho ngabanye, kodwa ubeka wonke umuntu isethi. Amakamelo ahlukahlukene okudlela, itiye, amakhofi. Ngakho kwakukhona isiko lokusebenzisa amatafula ngesitayela esifanayo. Ngendlela, eRussia iqoqo elikhulu kunawo wonke leMeissen porcelain laqoqwa yi-Count Sheremetev. Ungakwazi ukuwubona eMumyuziyamu weCeramics e-Kuskovo Estate.
EFrance, okwamanje, lokulinga nakho kwakugcwele ngokuzulazula. Kusukela ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, uSaint-Porscher waqaphela indlela yokwenza u-faience, ukulingisa izimbali ze-Italy. Eqinisweni, u-Faience omncane wabaFulentshi kuye futhi wabizwa negama laseFaenza e-Italy. Kodwa kulezi zinsuku abadwebi bendawo abazange bayeke. Futhi ngenxa yendlela ehlakaniphile yokusebenzisana nesihlabathi, i-saltpetre, i-soda ne-gypsum ngo-1738, kwakutholakala okuthiwa i-porcelain epholile. Ukulala kuwo cishe kwakungahlanganiswa, ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi "kukhona okucacile", kunokuqineka, hhayi okuhlanzekile okumhlophe, no-ukhilimu. Imikhiqizo Sevres manufactory (ngokulandelana, edolobheni laseSevres) iphumelele ngokuncintisana nabo bobabili iShayina neSaxon. Futhi hhayi kuphela ngenxa yekhwalithi yayo, kodwa futhi ngenxa yendlela yakhe engavamile. Amakhosi aseFrance akhiqiza amaqoqo ezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kunawo wonke nemibala. Isibonelo, isidlo singafana neqabunga lomvini. I-Saucema - melon. Isitsha se-Sugar - ukholifulawa. I-teapoti iyi-ananasini!
Emakhulwini e-XVI-XVII. Ukuphumelela ekukhiqizeni u-faience kwenza amaDashi. Izinto ezakhiwa eDelft zaveza izitsha eziningi ezishibhile. Futhi kancane kancane lezi zici zensimbi zaqala ukuthandwa ngabantu abanenzuzo ejwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubiza kangakanani uma kuqhathaniswa ne-porcelain yakhe isethi, isidingo sawo asizange sinciphise. Phela, babonisa inhlalakahle kanye nesimo esiphakeme sabanikazi. Ama-porcelain manufactories avela eYurophu ngokulandelana. I-Russia ayizange ilale ngemuva kozakwethu baseNtshonalanga. Kusukela ngo-1746, isazi senzululwazi uDmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov sathola ubuchwepheshe obuthandekayo. I-Lomonosov Factory Factory, esungulwe ngokomyalelo ka-Emperor Elizabeth Petrovna, isibe umncintiswano ofanele wezinkampani zaseYurophu. Ngaphambi kokuguqulwa, wayesezindlini zobukhosi futhi ikakhulukazi ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kukaCatherine Catherine. Wayeyala ngokukhululekile ukuhlelwa kwemikhosi, futhi ezinye zazo zazibalelwa ezintweni eziyinkulungwane! Futhi ekhulwini le-XIX kwakukhona izitshalo eziningi ezincane - ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseGzhel.
Phakathi nekhulu le-XIX, iqoqo lezitsha ezibhebheni ezindlini ezicebile zaseYurophu likhula kuze kube semkhawulweni. Ngaphambi kwesivakashi ngasinye esendwangu yesibhakela, kukhona, njengokungathi ku-parade, amapuleti amaningi okudla okulula, owokuqala, wesibili, isaladi, i-dessert, izithelo. Lokhu akubalanga zonke izinhlobo zamathini, ama-jam izimbiza, izitsha zikashukela, i-milkmaids, izinkomishi, izitsha zezithelo, amabhasikidi amaswidi.
Kubonakala sengathi akukho okunye okumele kusungulwe ... konke sekuvele kusungulwe! Kodwa ngisho nasezikhathini zethu inkonzo iyaqhubeka ithuthuka. Ngokuyinhloko, ngenxa yabakwa-restaurateurs, abafuna ukuletha ngenzuzo ukudla kwabapheki babo. Bethula okuthiwa yi-assiette de isethulo - ipuleti enkulu "yokukhonza", enomphetho omuhle odwetshiwe, lapho kubeka khona izitsha ezibekwe izitsha zokuqala nezesibili. I-Restaurateurs nayo yaveza umqondo wokuthi zonke izinto kufanele "zenzeke", zigcinwe kalula. Uma zifakwe ngaphakathi komunye nomunye, khona-ke kukhona amathuba amancane okuwaphula uma uthwala intaba yezitsha ezandleni zakho. Futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, abaklami abavelele kakhulu bavame ukusebenza ekubukeni kwezinsizakalo zanamuhla. Phela, ngisho izitsha ezijwayele kakhulu akusiyo kuphela isitsha sokudla neziphuzo, kodwa futhi into yobuciko! Le ndaba enezilungiselelo zetafula yayikukhumbuza ukuthi ngisho nesitsha esiphundu kunazo zonke siba mnandi nakakhulu uma itafula lihlotshiswe izitsha zokunethezeka.
Kusukela ngalezo zikhathi insizakalo ehlelwe yizilokwane isifinyelele kithi:
- "Isevisi nge-frog eluhlaza", eyenzelwe abantu abangu-50 futhi iqukethe izinto ezingu-994. Yadalwa yi-English factory Wedgwood kaCatherine the Great futhi manje igcinwe eHermitage, eSt. Petersburg. Yonke imikhiqizo ihlotshiswe ngamathafa ahlukene, ukuze indlovukazi kanye nendawo yakhe ihloniphe amahlathi, amasimu namaqaba angaphandle aseNgilandi. Ngendlela, konke lokhu kubuhle kuye kwasinda ekuphumeni kokubili: ngo-1917 no-1945.
- I-"Swan service" kaKendler yenziwa ngekhulu le-18 eMeissen Manufactory futhi yayinezinto ezingu-2200 ze-porcelain. Zihlotshiswe ngokukhululeka kwezithombe zazo zonke izinhlobo zezidalwa ezihlala esakhiweni samanzi.
- "Isevisi yeNdlovukazi iVictoria Victoria", eyakhiwe nguHellnd manufactory, yabizwa ngokuthi yiNdlovukazi yaseBrithani. Kusukela ngesikhathi seMbukiso Wezwe ngo-1851 wathandwa ngumdwebo wakhe olula ngezimvemvane eziphazamisayo.
- Ama-porcelain aseRoma adumile kunazo zonke - "Guryevsky" ("isiRussia") - yenziwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Manje iningi lalo ligcinwe kuPeterhof. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-earl ye-DA. I-Guryeva, ngaphansi komsebenzi wayo wobuholi owawuqhubeka. Le nkonzo ihlotshaniswa nama-miniatures okwenziwe ngokuqoshwa kanye nezithograph ezibonisa ukubukeka namasiko abantu baseRussia. Futhi wabamba imibono yemidolobha ehlukahlukene kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zohlobo.