Nge-dyslexia, ikhono lomuntu ukuba aqaphele amagama (futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinombolo) ngokubhaliwe alunakile. Izifo zalesi sifo zinzima ekunqumeni imisindo yenkulumo (amafonimoni) nendawo yabo, kanye namazwi aphelele ngokuhlelekile uma ufunda noma ubhala. Yikuphi ukwelashwa okuthandwa lesi sifo, uzofunda esihlokweni esithi "Indlela yokutholwa kokuqala kwedyslexia."
Izimbangela ezingenzeka
Akukho ukuvumelanisa mayelana nesimo se-dyslexia. Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isimo sivela ngenxa yokungaqondakali okwehlukile kobuchopho, izimbangela zazo ezingaziwa. Ukuphulwa kokuxhumana phakathi kwama-hemispheres angakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele obucatshangelwa ubuchopho kuthathwa, futhi kukholelwa ukuthi i-dyslexia yinkinga ye-hemisphere yesokunxele. Umphumela uba ukungasebenzi kwezifunda zobuchopho ezihambisana nenkulumo yokuqonda (indawo kaWernicke) nokubunjwa kwenkulumo (indawo kaBraca). Kukhona ukuthambekela kokudluliswa kwesifo lesi sifo kanye nokuxhumana okucacile kofuzo - i-dyslexia ivame ukubonwa emalungwini omndeni ofanayo. I-Dyslexia inkinga eningi. Nakuba wonke ama-dyslexics anenkinga ekutholeni amakhono wokufunda nokubhala (okuvame ukungahambisani nezinga labo jikelele lomqondo), abaningi bangaba nezinye izinto ezingavamile. Izici zezici ziyi:
- Ubunzima ngokuhlelwa kwemisindo egameni;
- ukungakwazi ukubamba ngekhanda amagama ezinhlamvu, izinombolo nemibala;
- ukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa imisindo noma amagama okuhleleka;
- ukudideka kwezinhlamvu namagama ngesakhiwo esifanayo: ngaleyo ndlela, "futhi" badidekile "n", "c" iba "o", futhi "w" - "ni".
- ukuxuba nokuntuleka kokuxhumana;
- ukuhluleka ukuhlukanisa phakathi "kwesokunxele" nese "ngakwesokudla";
- kunciphisa ukunakwa nokugxila;
- ukulinganisa ngokomzwelo;
- ukungahlehlisi;
- ukungakwazi ukuhlela, ukungaqondi kahle imiqondo "kusasa", "namuhla" no "izolo";
- izinkinga ekufundeni ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwesazi.
Nakuba bezalwa benesifo se-dyslexia, izinkinga zivela lapho kuqala imfundo, lapho izingane ezigulayo zihlangana kuqala inkulumo ebhaliwe - ngalesi sikhathi ukuthi inkinga ivezwa. Kodwa-ke, lesi sifo singasolwa ngaphambi - esikoleni sokuqala, ngokubambezeleka ekuthuthukiseni inkulumo, ikakhulukazi emindeni lapho kunezimo zalesi sifo.
Ukungakwazi ukufunda
Ukuqala kokufunda izingane ezine-dyslexia kuletha ubunzima obunzima; bangazama kanzima futhi basebenzise isikhathi esiningi sokufunda kunontanga yabo, kodwa ngeze. Labo abangatholi ukwelashwa abanamakhono adingekayo; ngisho nokuqaphela ukuthi benza umsebenzi ngokungalungile, abakwazi ukulungisa amaphutha. Izingane zithukuthele, ziyathukuthela futhi zinzima ukugxila. Bangakugwema ukwenza umsebenzi wesikole ngoba bayaqiniseka ukuthi ngeke bakwazi ukukwenza kahle. Ukwehluleka esikoleni kuvame ukungcolise ukuzethemba, okungaholela ekuhlukaniseni okukhulu kwezingane ezinjalo. Ethukuthele, ekhungathekile futhi engaqondakali, ingane iqala ukuziphatha kabi kokubili esikoleni nasekhaya. Uma i-dyslexia ingabonakali ekuqaleni, isimo singaba nomthelela omubi hhayi kuphela ekusebenzeni kwesikole, kodwa nakwezinye izindawo zokuphila. Abazali, othisha nabanye abantu abaseduze kwengane kaningi abakwazi ukubona inkinga bese bewela esicupheni "sezinganekwane mayelana ne-dyslexia." Kunezinkolelo eziningi ezivamile, noma imicabango engalungile, mayelana nokudyslexia:
- i-dyslexics "iyisiphukuphuku" - izingane ezinanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezobunhloli zingabhekana nesifo;
- i-dyslexics "ivila", yenza "amaphutha okuphuthaphuza", "ayinaki" noma "ayanele" - ukucwaninga ulwazi nge-dyslexics kunzima kakhulu;
- I-Dyslexics inqatshelwe amathalenta;
- i-dyslexics ayinandaba;
- i-dyslexics ilahlekelwe umsebenzi ongenamsebenzi - uma inkinga ibonakala futhi ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kuqhutshwa, azikho izithiyo zokukhetha noma yikuphi ukuqeqeshwa okuvela kuzo zonke izinketho eziningi.
Ukuhlakulela izinkolelo ezinjalo kuphela kuhlehlisa ukutholakala kokuqala kwesifo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu isimo. Njengoba uhlobo lwe-dyslexia luhluke kakhulu, izifo zalesi sifo aziwa ngokuqiniseka. Kukholelwa ukuthi emazweni aseYurophu ukusabalala kwe-dyslexia kungu-5%. Abafana bavame ukucindezeleka kaningi kunamantombazane, ngo-3 kuya kwesinye. Ukuxilongwa kwe-dyslexia kungenziwa ngemuva kochungechunge lwezivivinyo. Ukutholakala kokuqala kwesimo, kanye nokwethulwa kwezinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuqeqesha kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni jikelele izingane ezigulayo. Intuthuko encane yengane, ngisho noma ngabe imizamo ehlosiwe yokuqeda ukubuyela emuva kunoma iyiphi indawo, kudinga ukuhlolwa kwe-dyslexia (noma enye inketho yokufunda ubunzima). Lokhu kuhlolwa kubaluleke kakhulu uma ingane ehlakaniphile iqhubeka ngokuphumelelayo ekukhulumeni.
Ukuhlolwa
Noma yimuphi umntanakho okhuthele okuthola ubunzima bokufunda, ukubhala noma ukwenza i-arithmetic, futhi futhi akakwazi ukulandela imiyalelo futhi akhumbule lokho okushiwoyo, kuncike ekuhlolweni. I-Dyslexia ayihlanganisi nje ngezinkinga zokucula, ngakho-ke ingane kufanele ihlolwe hhayi kuphela kulezi zikhundla, kodwa futhi ngokuqondene namakhono akhe okukhuluma, izinga lobuhlakani nokuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba (ukuzwa, ukubona kanye nokuzivocavoca).
Izivivinyo zokuthola i-dyslexia
Izivivinyo zomzimba azivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlolisisa i-dyslexia, kodwa zingakwazi ukulawula ezinye izimbangela zezinkinga zezingane, njengokuthi isifo sokuphuza singatholakali. Izivivinyo zezenhlalo nezomzwelo noma zokuziphatha zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlela nokuhlola ukuphumelela kokwelashwa. Ukuhlolwa kwamakhono okufunda kuklanyelwe ukukhomba amaphethini amaphutha wengane. Ukuhlolwa kuhlanganisa ukuqashelwa igama nokuhlaziywa; ukushelela, ukuchithwa kanye nezinga lokuqashelwa kwegama kulesi sigaba somqulu ohlongozwayo; ukuhlolwa kokuqonda umbhalo obhaliwe nokulalela. Ukuqonda kwengane ngokusho kwamagama nokuqonda kwenqubo yokufunda; ukuxilongwa kwe-dyslexia kufanele kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa komthamo wokuzindla nokulingana.
Amakhono okuqaphela ahlaziywa ngokuhlola ikhono lomntana lokubiza imisindo, ukwahlukanisa amagama ngama-syllable nokuhlanganisa imisindo ibe amagama anencazelo. Amakhono olimi abonisa ikhono lomntwana lokuqonda nokusebenzisa ulimi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-"intelligence", (ukuhlolwa kwamakhono okuqonda - inkumbulo, ukunakwa nokudweba iziphetho) kuyadingeka ekwakheni ukuxilongwa okunembile. Inkimbinkimbi yocwaningo lubandakanya ukwelulekwa kwengqondo, ngoba izinkinga zokuziphatha zingabangela inkinga ye-dyslexia. Nakuba i-dyslexia isifo esiyinkimbinkimbi, ukutholakala kwayo nokwelashwa kungcono inkinga yemfundo. Abazali bangase babe nezinsolo zabo, kodwa kulula ukuba othisha bakwazi ukubona izingane ezinenkinga yokufunda. Noma yimuphi umntwana ongenaso isikhathi esikoleni kumele ahlolwe ukuze anqume izidingo zakhe zemfundo. Izikhungo zezemfundo kufanele ziqondiswe isethi ecacile, esemthethweni yezincomo ezinganeni ezinokukhubazeka kokufunda. Lokhu kuzovumela izikole ukuba zithwale imithwalo yemfundo ekhethekile yabantwana abanokukhubazeka kokufunda. Omunye wemisebenzi esemqoka ukuhlonza kuqala nokuhlolwa kwezingane ezinjalo, okumele kube negalelo ekuvezeni amandla abo.
Izinhlelo zokuqeqeshwa ezikhethekile
Abazali, othisha, othisha nabahleli bezokunakekelwa kwempilo bahilelekile ekuboneni noma yikuphi ukuhlola okuzodinga ukuhlolwa kwengane. Isikole ngasinye kufanele sibe nomxhumanisi wezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo, okuqhuba ucwaningo lwezingane ngokufunda ubunzima esikoleni. Angakwazi futhi ukucabangela ulwazi olutholakala kwabanye ochwepheshe, kuhlanganise nesazi sezengqondo esikoleni kanye nodokotela wezingane wesifunda noma isivakashi sezempilo. Umphumela wocwaningo lubonisa amandla kanye nokubuthakathaka kokuthuthukiswa kwengane, okuzokwenza kube lula ukuhlela uhlelo lokuqeqeshwa ngabanye. Kubantwana abaningi, kokubili ucwaningo kanye nokwakhiwa kwepulani ngalinye kungenziwa ngesisekelo sesikole, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokususa ingane kusuka ekilasini eliyinhloko. Izingane ezimbalwa kuphela ezinesidingo esikhethekile ezingenakutholwa ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zesikole. Ezimweni ezinjalo, imfundo yengane idluliselwa esikhungweni esikhethekile.
Inhloso yokuxilongwa akuyona ukwelashwa okunjalo, kodwa ukuhlelwa kohlelo olukhethekile lokuqeqesha. Isimbangela sesifo ezimweni eziningi aziwa, ngakho azikho izindlela zokwelapha izidakamizwa. Izingane ezine-dyslexia zidinga indlela eguquguqukayo yokufunda nokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana nalokhu:
- ukuqeqeshwa ngokuqondile ngamakhono aphilile (ukuqaphela imisindo nencazelo ye-oda labo ngamazwi), kanye nokuhlaziya nokuhlaziya amagama;
- usizo ekuzuzeni amakhono olimi namakhono okufunda nokubhala;
- usizo ekuhleleni nasekuxhumaniseni ulimi olulotshiwe;
- usize ekusebenziseni izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana.
Abantu abane-dyslexia bafunde ukuvumelanisa nesimo sabo ngendlela ephakeme noma encane kuye ngokuthi izici zobuntu nokusekelwa abazithola ekhaya nase esikoleni. Naphezu kokuthi i-dyslexia iyinkinga yokuphila, ama-dyslexics amaningi athola amakhono okufunda asebenzayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi afinyelela ekufundeni okuphelele. Ngokuqaphela kuqala lesi sifo nokunikeza ukuqeqeshwa okudingekile okudingekayo, ama-dyslexics angafunda ukufunda nokubhala ezingeni elifanayo neontanga, kodwa lawa makghono azobekwa wona ngobunzima. Noma yikuphi ukubambezeleka ekuhloleni kubambisana nentuthuko eyanele yentuthuko yengane futhi kunciphisa amathuba okuba abe yilungu eligcwele lomphakathi esikhathini esizayo esikude. Manje uyazi ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokutholakala kokuqala kwedyslexia.