Uma i-karapuzik esanda kuzalwa ifinyelela amahora amabili ulandelana, noma uma owesilisa oneminyaka emithathu ubudala ehlukumezekile esevele ehlambalaza, umama noma ubaba bayamemezela omunye nomunye ngecala: "Yilezi zonke izakhi zofuzo zomndeni wakho!" Ngempela, izakhi zofuzo zinquma uma kungenjalo, ngakho-ke. Ngakho-ke, kokubili umbala wezinwele, nokunqunywa kwamehlo, nomthethosisekelo womzimba, kanye nezinye izici zobuntu, umuntu omncane, ngokuzithandela noma ngokungazi, uzuza njengefa. Ukuze uthonye lokhu, ngenhlanhla noma ngeshwa, umuntu akakwazi okwamanje (ukuhlanganisa abantu nokuphazamisa "emisebenzini kaNkulunkulu" esigabeni sokuzalwa komuntu omusha kungavunyelwe umthetho). Kodwa-ke, kunezimo lapho ngaphandle kosizo lwezakhi zofuzo ukubonakala kwengane enempilo kufakwa ngaphansi kombuzo omkhulu ... Ngakho, ukuvakashela "ababusi bezakhi zofuzo", umama nobaba banezizathu eziyisikhombisa ...
1. Ukulungiselela ukukhulelwa
Manje imibhangqwana eminingi emisha, isalokhu ifaka isicelo ehhovisi lokubhalisa, ihlela isikhathi sokuvela emndenini wabo wezithelo ezincane zothando. Nakuba lesi sikhathi sifika, umama nobaba ozayo bazokhathazeka ngokuthi umntwana wabo ngesibonakaliso se-Zodiac kumele kube yiCapricorn (i-Lion, i-Aquarius ...) kanye nommeleli we-oyifunayo-oqinile noma omuhle ngobulili. Mayelana, ukunikeza ukuhlaziywa kwegazi noma ukuxhumana ne-geneticist, inkulumo, njengombuso, ayihambi. Noma iya, uma sekuvele kunenkinga yokukhulelwa noma yokukhulelwa. Kungani ihhovisi le-geneticist udokotela lidlulile? Kuyabisa? Kholelwa ngokuzithandela. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, akukho lutho olwethusa ukululekwa kwezokwelapha kwezokwelapha, kodwa phakathi kwakho, phakathi kokuningi kwezindaba "ezimbi" zokungakhulelwa, ngeke kube khona isizathu sokuthakazelisa okukhethekile.
I-geneticist izokwenza umuntu onguzalo, anqume ukuthi umndeni wakho usengozini yezifo ezifa, futhi uncoma ukuba uqhube izifundo ezidingekile ukuvimbela isifo sokubeletha esingase sibe khona emntwaneni ozayo. Kwenzeka ukuthi ngisho nomzali ophephile kusukela ekubukeni kokuzalwa angathola "ukungasebenzi," nomntwana obonakala sengathi impilo yakhe ayisongeli lutho, ngaphansi kwethonya lamanani angaphandle, izingozi ezivela ngokuphulwa okuzalwa. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi we-geneticist awugcini nje ukubuza abazali mayelana nokugula okufuywayo, kodwa futhi ukuthola ukuthi kukhona yini imiphumela eyingozi empilweni yabamama nabangabantwana abangaba khona abangathinta impilo yengane yabo engakazalwa (isibonelo, ukuvezwa kwe-radioactive, ukusebenza nama-reagents amakhemikhali nokunye), nokunquma amathuba okuzalwa komntwana ngesifo noma esinye isifo. Ngeshwa, abazali abaphilile abahlela ingane basabhekwa kakhulu kubhekwane nezakhi zofuzo, futhi, empeleni, ngokusho kwe-medstatistiki, ngisho nasesibhangqwaneni esiphelele kahle, ingozi yokuba nengane ehlukumezayo i-5-10%. Uma umndeni ungawi kule nombolo, kubonakala sengathi iyingcosana. Futhi uma ihlasela? ..
2. Akunakwenzeka ukukhulelwa ingane noma ukukhuthazelela ukukhulelwa (ukuhlukumeza okungahambi kahle)
Ngezinye izikhathi ihhovisi lofuzo lemindeni enjalo yilona lokugcina. Baphendukela kuye, sebevele bangena esimweni esingenathemba. Ama-stereotypes anamandla, futhi uma owesifazane engenazo izingane isikhathi eside noma kukhona ukuhlukunyezwa okuvamile, izihlobo zibeka icala kulawo wesifazane ... Okubi kakhulu lapho owesifazane eqala ukukholelwa ukuthi "akakwazi ukuba nomntwana onempilo" futhi uyazithemba ngethemba lokuba umama. Ngokuvamile, inkinga yonke yukuthi ukungalingani kwezakhi zofuzo embryo (i-gomet eyakhiwe ukuhlanganiswa kwamaseli wesondo nobaba) iholela ekwandeni nasekulahleni i-egg fetal ngezikhathi zakuqala zokuthuthukiswa (phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala noma amahora okuqala ngemuva kokukhulelwa). Futhi lokhu akumele kuhambisane nokubambezeleka kwenyanga futhi kungase kube khona izimpawu zokukhulelwa. Ngezinye izikhathi imibhangqwana ingadlula iminyaka yokuhlolwa iphinde iphathe ukungabi nesisu noma ukukhulelwa kwesisu ngokukhulelwa, ngaphandle kokucabanga ukuthi isizathu esiyinhloko salokho okushiwo yizici eziphathelene nezakhi zofuzo. Ukubonisana ngezikhathi ezithile esikhungweni sezokwelapha nokwenza izivivinyo zofuzo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuzocacisa isimo esingacacile futhi kusize ukuxazulula izingxabano. Ngalesi sizathu, abazali abazoba khona bavame ukuhlolwa ngokufanayo kwegazi lokunquma uhlobo lwe-karyo. Futhi ukucwaninga kokuqasha i-chromosome kuyinto efanayo, ngoba umntwana uthola isigamu sama-chromosomes kusuka kumama wakhe, kanti owesibili - kusuka kupapapa.
3. Ubudala bomama ozayo - ama-35, namapapa - angu-50
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi nakuba iminyaka yokubeletha yabesifazane besimanje iye yanda eminyakeni engama-40, futhi inkulumo eyinhloko yokuthi "ubudala obudala" kubomama asebekhulile kunama-25 uye washiya cishe i-lexicon ngisho nodokotela ngesipiliyoni esithandekayo, inkathi yesikhathi ayinakulinganiswa - amaqanda amabhinqa agula. Emva kwakho konke, bakhulu kunomzimba wesifazane ngoku ... izinyanga ezingu-4.5 futhi kule "ukwakhiwa" bukhoma futhi kuvuthiwe emzimbeni wakhe phakathi nonyaka wonke wokubeletha. I-Spermatozoa ivuselelwa njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-72-80. Ngakho-ke, kwenzeka ukuthi iqanda eliguga ngenxa yobudala balo alibheki ngaso sonke isikhathi "imithwalo yemfanelo" yesigaba esiphezulu - ingozi yokuguquguquka komzimba ikhula ngokukhula. I-Genetics isebenza ngezibalo eziqinile: kubafundi abangu-900 abaneminyaka engu-25 ubudala abanomntwana one-down syndrome, osevele eneminyaka engu-35 ubudala engozini yokuba nengane enesifo esinjalo, ngeshwa, sandisa kathathu ... Kodwa ukubeletha eneminyaka engu-45 nangaphezulu ikakhulukazi ephawulekayo, ngoba ukuchithwa kwe-chromosome kuhlala kuzo zonke izinsana ezingama-24. Lawa maqiniso awaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesifiso namandla okuba nomama, oneminyaka engaphezu kuka-40, ukuba akhulelwe futhi abe nomntwana. Ukuze ugweme iphutha elibi, kubalulekile ukuvakashela izakhi zofuzo ngesikhathi futhi uhambisane nezincomo zawo.
4. Izici zenkambo yokukhulelwa
Ukukhulelwa sekuvele sekuzibonakalise ngemivimbo emibili ekuhlolweni. Umama uvuma ukuhalalisela izihlobo nabangane, uqala ukuqapha ukudla kwakhe (ushintsha isidlo sasekuseni esinekhofi kanye nocele ushokolethi, i-yoghurt ne-gruel kusuka elayisi elingenalutho), ubhalisela umagazini kubazali futhi "ubeka" ekubonisaneni kwabesifazane. Lapho umama esizayo ebhalisiwe (futhi ngalokhu kufanelekile ukusheshisa evikini lika 8-10th lokukhulelwa), isazi sezinkinga zesifo sokubeletha singambuza ngokugula, ukukhulelwa kwangaphambili, mayelana nokukhulelwa kwamanje. Ngelinye igama, lezi zizathu ezilandelayo zingaqondisa isinqumo somjozi wezinkinga zokubeletha ukuba athumele umama ozayo ezivivinyweni zofuzo:
♦ isifo sofuzo komunye wabazali besikhathi esizayo;
♦ ukuzalwa kwengane eyedlule nge-pathology yentuthuko noma ye-chromosomal;
♦ Unyaka womama ozayo ungaphezu kuka-35;
♦ umthelela kumatatogens omama nomntwana: uma owesifazane engakafiki amasonto angama-12 wokukhulelwa athatha izidakamizwa ezinamandla noma ngisho nezithako zokudla, noma utshwala. Ngokuphathelene nesici sokugcina, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona isiphakamiso sokuthi umqondo ongakahlelwa wenziwa ngemuva nje kweqembu, lapho umama noma ubaba ozayo babe ngaphansi komshayeli.
5. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kungcono ukudlula ngaphambili kunalokho okudingekayo ngekhalenda evunyelwe ngokuvamile ye-ultrasound, emavikini okuqala angu-4-5. Ngalesi sigaba, udokotela angenza isiqiniseko sokuthi i-egg fetal ikhona, njengoba kulindelwe, emgodini wesibindi, noma "i-dislocation" engadingeki (kunengozi yokukhulelwa kwe-ectopic).
I-ultrasound yesibili kufanele yenziwe kungakapheli amasonto angu-11-14, uma udokotela engakwazi futhi kufanele enze ukuhlonza okunembile kakhulu kwezinkinga ezithile futhi abone izinguquko ezibonisa ukutholakala kwe-chromosomal pathology - bese owesifazane ethunyelwa ku-genetics. Ingcweti cishe izobeka ucwaningo olunzulu, besebenzisa indlela evumela ukuthi uthole amaseli avela ku-placenta futhi unqume ngokunembile isethi ye-chromosome yengane ngesikhathi ukhulelwe (chorionic biopsy, amniocentesis). Iwesithathu (yesibili ehleliwe) i-ultrasound yenziwa kahle ngeviki 20-22. Le nkathi yenza kube lula ukucacisa ukwehlukana ekuthuthukiseni ubuso bomntwana, izitho, kanye nokubona ukwehluka okungenzeka ekuthuthukiseni izitho zangaphakathi ze-fetus. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kulesi sigaba akuzona ngisho nokuxilongwa ngokwayo, kodwa ithuba lokuphatha umntwana esibelethweni noma ukulungiselela inkambo ekhethekile yalokhu kuzalwa komntwana, kusengaphambili ukuthola izinyathelo ezifanele zokwelashwa okulandelayo kuze kutholakale ukubuyiswa kwengane ngokuphelele.
6. Ukuhlaziywa kwezivivinyo zemvelo
Uma sibuza omama abajwayelekile besikhathi esizayo ukuthi yini abangathanda ukusula ekukhulelweni kwabo, mhlawumbe wonke ama-100% azophendula athi: "Ukuhlaziya okungenasisekelo." Kodwa lokhu, kodwa akuyona into emnandi kunazo zonke, isikhathi se "isimo esithakazelisayo" asikwazi ukuqedwa, ngoba ngezinye izikhathi kungukuhlolwa kwegazi okuvamile okuveza izinto ezivusa amadlingozi. Izinkomba zezifo ezingasebenzi kungenzeka zingamaprotheni e-plasma, i-alpha-fetoprotein ne-griadotropin ye-chorionic - amaprotheni akhethekile akhiqizwa ngamathisamu omzimba. Lapho ukuhlushwa kwala maprotheni egazini lomama ozayo kuzoshintsha, kungenzeka ukusola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlukunyezwa ekuthuthukiseni i-fetus. Ukufundwa kwamakaki anjalo kwenziwa ngezinsuku ezithile:
♦ izinga lamaprotheni e-plasma ne-gonadotropin ye-chorionic - emasontweni angu-10-13 wokubeletha;
♦ I-gonadotropin ye-Chorionic ne-alfa-fetoprotein - emavikini angu-16-20. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwegazi uMama enikeza ebhodini lokubonisana labesifazane, fikela kumamazi wesifo somzimba, onomfazi ngesikhathi sonke sokukhulelwa. Uma kunesizathu sokukhathazeka nokuhlolwa okungeziwe, udokotela oya esikhungweni esilandelayo noma ngocingo ukwazisa umama ngesidingo sokuvakashela izakhi zofuzo futhi adlule izivivinyo zofuzo.
7. Izimo ezinzima ezifweni zangaphambi kokubeletha
O, lezi zifo ... Kodwa, ngokungahambi kahle, ngezinye izikhathi azihambisani nomama wesikhathi esizayo, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, "unamathele" emzimbeni wakhe, noma, lapho efihlekile, uqala ukuqhubeka. Isizathu salokhu - futhi sinciphisa amandla ngokukhulelwa, futhi kungasetshenziswanga ukutheleleka, futhi nje ukutheleleka kwonyaka, okungekho muntu ogwemekile.
Ezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo (i-herpes, i-rubella, i-cytomegalovirus, i-toxoplasmosis) ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungabangela ukuthuthuka okungafaneleki kwe-fetus (yingakho izifo ezinjalo zivame ukubizwa nge-intrauterine). Kunconywa ukuba uhlole ukuhlola ukuhlolwa kwegciwane ngaphambi kokukhulelwa noma phakathi kwamasonto okuqala kwenkathi, lapho kusengenzeka ukuvimbela ithonya labo emntwaneni. Uma imiphumela yenzeke ku-trimester yesibili noma yesithathu - konke kungaphela ngokudabukisayo.
Kungani kungabonakali okungavamile kwe-chromosomal?
I-Genetics iyayazi impendulo yalo mbuzo. Iqiniso liwukuthi umphakathi ofanelekayo we-chromosome yiyona pair. Ngokufanelekile, emva kokuhlanganiswa kwamaseli wesondo womama nobaba, inqubo yokuhlukanisa ngamaseli eneqoqo elifanayo lama-"pair" lakwa-chromosome lihamba ngamama-23 nabama-23 babadade. Kodwa kwenzeka ukuthi i-chromosome yesithathu ihlanganisa lezi zizathu "ngezizathu zayo siqu" - kanti injalo i-trio (ngokwesayensi, i-trisomy) iyona yecala lokungalungi okuzalwa. Kunoma ikuphi, imithi yanamuhla inekhono lokubona lezi ziphutha kusengaphambili. Futhi kusiza kule ndima yezovivinyo zofuzo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ngakho ungesabi ngale ndlela yokuxilongwa - futhi ube nempilo!