Ngokushesha nje lapho izimpahla zasendlini zaqala ukuvela emakethe, amathawula wephepha ahlala endaweni ethile kuwo futhi ngokuqinisekile wathatha izimpande lapho. Manje abathengi abaningi banesidingo esikhulu. Amathawula wephepha anempahla ehlukahlukene futhi emangalisa abantu abaningi baye bayishiya imikhiqizo yamathambo isikhathi eside. Amapulisi wephepha alahlekile ngokushesha futhi athole umswakama ezandleni nasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Zihlanzekile kakhulu futhi zivumela ukulima okulula.
Amathawula wephepha awasetshenziswanga ekhaya kuphela empilweni yansuku zonke, kodwa ezindaweni lapho izixuku eziningi zabantu zikhona ezindaweni ezifana nezokudla, amaqembu, amahhovisi, izikhungo zokuzijabulisa, izikhungo zokuthenga ezitolo, kwezokwelapha nokunye. Ithawula elinjalo liyi-hygroscopic, ngakho lithatha kalula futhi ususe amafutha, okusho ukuthi sekuyi-nakuhne ethandwayo.
Manje imboni yethu ikhiqiza izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo yephepha. Lezi yi-napkins, iphepha, nama-paper napkins, namathawula wephepha. Lokho mayelana nemikhiqizo yakamuva, futhi sizoxoxa.
Endaweni yangasese yendlu, i-cinema, ihhovisi, indawo yokudlela, i-club kanye ne-cafe, inkantolo yokudla nekhishi ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwendlela ongasula ngayo ngokushesha amanzi achithekile, yule izandla zakho uphinde uxazulule ezinye izinkinga ezenzeka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kukhona izimo lapho amathawula wephepha nje angahlali.
Ngezinye izikhathi amathawula wephepha ayinakuphulukiswa futhi akhiqizwa. Amathawula wephepha aphikisana kakhulu nezinkinga eziningi zokukhiqiza. Basusa ngokuphelele amafutha, bathatha amafutha, amanzi kanye nezinye izidakamizwa ezidingeka zisuswe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
Izinhlobo zamathawula wephepha zihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana:
- Amathawula asetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho abantu abaningi beqoqa khona;
- amathawula okusetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke.
Futhi ukuhlukanisa amathawula wephepha ngendlela ahlanganiswa ngayo futhi ahlungwe. Bangakwazi ukugoqa bese beshiya.
Ngokuvamile, ukunikeza amathawula ezindaweni zomphakathi, faka amadivaysi akhethekile, abizwa ngokuthi abahambisi. Siyabonga, ungakwazi ukulawula ukutholakala, gcina iphepha lokusetshenziswa, udale induduzo yezivakashi futhi, okwenziwe, uhlele indawo yomphakathi. Lezi zindlela zokuzivumelanisa zifanelekile zombili izinkinobho zomqulu kanye nezindwangu.
Kunezindlela eziningana zokwengeza amathawula wephepha:
- Amathawula wephepha lamaphepha ayindlela yokwengeza C. Lena yindlela yokwengeza evame kakhulu futhi evamile. Imikhiqizo enjalo ifaneleka kakhulu ezindaweni ezihamba phambili zethrafikhi futhi zihle kakhulu kulawo mazinga lapho kudingeka khona ukuhlanzeka okujwayelekile.
- Amathawula wephepha lamashidi kuyindlela yokwengeza i-V-ZigZag. Amathawula anjalo asetshenziselwa ezindaweni ezinomgwaqo ophakathi naphansi.
- Amaphilisi emaphepheni Amashidi - indlela yokwengeza i-Z. Le ndlela yokwengeza, amathawula avela ku-dispenser eyodwa ngesikhathi. Kunezinzuzo eziningana zokupakisha:
- ithawula elilandelayo alinakususwa ngezandla ezingcolile nezimanzi;
- ithawula ngayinye ilungele ukusetshenziswa;
- ukusetshenziswa kungalawulwa;
- Ukunakwa okukhethekile kunikelwa ukuhlanzeka. Amathawula anjalo angasetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho kuhlanzekile khona.
- Amathawula wephepha - indlela yokwengeza W. Ngalolu hlobo lokungezelela, amathawula aphikisiwe futhi aphuma ifomu elilodwa eliveziwe. Amathawula anjalo nawo anenzuzo enkulu - angasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezihlambulukile.
Ngaphezu kwalezi tilisi ezigcwele emapileni, amathawula wephepha asevele asekelwe ngokuqinile. Amaphilisi amaphepha emigqabhezana afaneleke ukusula ubuso, asuse uketshezi oluchithekile futhi i-corny yomile ama-mackerels anamanzi. Amathawula asebenzayo angase alulame alula futhi abe ne-central hood.
Manje abakhiqizi bakhiqiza amathawula wephepha lamakhasi ahlukahlukene. Kungaba i-oval, icatshangelwe, ijikeleze, isikwele noma yimuphi omunye ukusebenza. Zibuye zihluke ekubuseni, embossing, multilayeredness,-layeredness, chromaticity. Umuntu ngamunye angathatha amathawula wephepha, kodwa kufanele anake izinga.
Amaphuzu wekhwalithi
Izinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu zekhwalithi yamathawula wephepha kukhona amandla kanye namandla okuqala. Uma uthola ithawula, futhi ihlakazeka ezandleni zakho noma ithambile kakhulu noma ingenamandla, khona-ke kuyoba nzima ukuyisebenzisa.
Kukhona esinye isibonakaliso sekhwalithi: ikhono lokukhipha amanzi ngendlela efanele futhi ngokushesha, ngenkathi ehlala ihlala isikhathi eside ngisho nasesimweni semanzi. Ngemva kokumuncuzela umswakama, ithawula lephepha akufanele liphule izicucu ezandleni zakho bese ushiya imicu emanzi ezindaweni ozozicubungula.
Amathawula wephepha akhiqizwa ephepheni elidakayo noma epulp primary. Imikhiqizo evela ku-pulp oyinhloko ihlala iqinile kakhulu, ithatha okuhle kakhulu, futhi iyamnandi, izwela. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuyindlela ebiza kakhulu, enezinhlayiya ezingaphezu kweyodwa, i-perforation. Bakhokhisa umyalelo wokuphakama ophakeme kunamaphilisi ephepha, okwenziwa ngamaphepha asetshenzisiwe kabusha - izinto ezivuselelwa kabusha.
Uma ithawula lenziwe nge-cellulose, khona-ke ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile busetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa umkhiqizo ngezinamba eziningi. Kusobala ukuthi izendlalelo ezingaphezulu, ithawula elihle, eliluhlaza nelinamandla.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amathawula we-izmakulature
Iphepha lokulahla, elifika ekukhiqizeni, lihlanzwa zonke izinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwamanye amazwe nokungcola. Iphepha lokuhlanza elihlanzekile lithunyelwa esiteji sokuqala sokukhiqiza-ukugaya.
Lona umshini ochotshozayo, osebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, futhi kunikezwa iphepha namanzi njalo. Khona-ke umthamo ochotshoziwe udluliselwa ngesihlungo futhi uthunyelwe ku-tank ephakathi, lapho uqhutshelwa khona ku-tank yokuhlanza.
Isikhathi sokugeza sizohlala ngokuya ngombala we-mass mass - lokhu kuzoqhubeka nokunquma inani nenani lamathawula. Amanzi lapho kuhlanzwa khona iphepha elimfucuza. Ubuningi obuhlanjululwayo buhanjiswa ngendwangu yokugaya etafuleni. Futhi kusukela lapho umthambo wamanzi nephepha uqhutshelwa ku-tank yokucindezela.
Emva kwalokho, ukumiswa kuthunyelwa kumlawuli wokuhlushwa, lapho konke kuhlanganiswe namanzi ngaphambi kokuhlushwa kwe-0.5%. Ngemuva kwalokho, inqwaba ithululelwa etafuleni elibi, lapho kwenziwa khona iphepha.
Umshini wephepha uqukethe idivaysi yokufakelwa, itafula eliminyene, isigaba sokunyathelisa, isomiso sokuqala, ukomisa okwesibili nokuguqa.
Ithebula legridi liyadingeka ukuze lihlunge ukumiswa ngendwangu eneloni enhle, okuyinto ngesikhathi esifanayo isebenza njengetayipi lokuthutha. Kukhona irejistres rollers yokusekela. Ngesizo sendwangu yokucindezela i-mesh iqala ukuhambisa. Amanzi adlula emanzini athunyelwa ethandeni ukuze ajikeleze amanzi. Ukusuka lapho kuthathwa ipompi ye-centrifugal yokusebenzisa kabusha. Emva kwalokho, umthamo wephepha uhlezi egridi enezingqimba zomfaniswano, emva kwalokho ususwe yi-press wezwa.
Manje isigubhu sokumisa sokuqala, esenziwa, sisusa i-pulp ehlanganisiwe kusuka endwangu. Ukushisa komgubhu owomile kungaba ngu-110-115 degrees, kushiswa ngomoya oshisayo ngokucindezela u-0.7 kgf / cm2. Isivinini sokujikeleza kwedramu singama-10-13 rpm.
Lapho amathawula wephepha ezayo ekhona emgodini, omisiwe kuze kube nomswakama ka-30-40%. Khona-ke, usebenzisa i-scraper blade, i-tape eqhubekayo isusa isendlalelo sephepha emgqonyeni wokumisa. Emva kwalokho, leli phepha lihanjiswa emuva kumgubhu owomile wokumiswa kokugcina.
Umshini womshini okhiqiza amathawula wephepha wenziwa ukuze u-80% ubude bomgubhu owomile ucindezelwe ngokumelene nomshini. Ngakho-ke, i-tape yamaphepha iphethwe phakathi kwezingodo, okuhambayo nomgubhu owomileyo. Ngakho-ke, amathawula ayomile ngaphambi kokuphela. Indwangu yempuphu eyomile iboshwe kuma-bobbins on the sleeve. Ngemuva kwalokho, amathawula anqunywe, aphikisiwe futhi ahlanganiswe.