Ukuthungatha kubonisa ukuphulwa kwenkulumo yokukhuluma, ukubushelela kwayo kanye nesigqi. Kwenzeka ezinganeni ngenxa yokuxubana kwezinye izingxenye zezinsiza zokukhuluma. Imithi yesimanje iphatha ukuthungatha kwezingane ngezindlela eziningana nezindlela ezihlose ukuthuthukisa inkulumo yezingane.
Izindlela zokwelapha. Sezisetshenziselwa ukuphatha ukugwedla kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo nguHippocrates, uCelsus, u-Aristotle, u-Galen, u-Avicenna ngezindlela ezehlukene namadigri. Imithi yokwelapha yedwa ayanele ukunqanda ingane yokuthungatha, kepha isetshenziselwa kabanzi njengendlela yokwenza izindlela zokwelapha eziyisisekelo.
Indlela yokuhlinzwa. Le ndlela yokuphatha ukudubula isetshenziswe kusukela ngekhulu lokuqala. n. e. futhi iqhubeka kuze kube phakathi nekhulu le-XIX. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni eyalandela kwaba nombono wokuthi indlela yokuhlinzwa ayinalutho futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyingozi ekusetshenzisweni (iBonnet, Antill, Dionysus, Dieffenbach, Petit, Aeginsky, Fabricius, njll). Le ndlela yokwelapha i-stuttering yabonakala ngesisekelo sokuthi ukuthungatha kungumphumela wokuziphendulela kwamathambo wezingxenye zokukhuluma noma ukungahlanzeki kwamandla emisipha yolimi.
Izidakamizwa ze-Orthopediki zazisekela ekwelapheni.
Indlela ye-Psychotherapeutic. Umphumela we-psychotherapeutic uye wangena umkhuba wokwelapha ukuthungula kusukela ngesikhathi ukuthungatha kubonakala njengesifo esiyingozi. Ama-Freschels, i-Netkachev, nabanye banikeze le ndlela yokwelapha okubaluleke kakhulu. Ukubamba iqhaza kwakucatshangwa, okokuqala, njengokuhlupheka kwengqondo. Kulokuxhumano, izindlela zokuthonya ingane yokugubha zikhethwe ngesisekelo samathonya abo emoyeni wakhe.
Izindlela zobufundisi. Ukusebenza kwabo kuhloswe ekuthuthukiseni inkulumo efanele enganeni ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lonke lwezinkulumo ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinkimbinkimbi ezinzima kancane kancane, okumele zihlanganise zombili izici zenkulumo nazo zonke izinkulumo. Izindlela ezinjalo zasetshenziswa uG Gutzman, Himiller, Itar, Dengardt, Kussmaul, Cohen, Lee, Andres.
Izindlela zokwelapha nezemfundo. Kukholelwa ukuthi isimiso sokuqala semiphumela yokwelapha kanye nokufundisa kwengane ehlukunyezwayo sanikezwa ngezincomo zika-IA Sikorsky. (1889) nomfundi wakhe uK Khmelevsky. (1897).
Ngakho, Sikorsky I.A. ekwelapheni ukunyakaza komntwana okunconywe:
- ukuvivinya umzimba (ukuqeqeshwa kwezwi, ukuphefumula, ukukhuluma, izinhlobo ezahlukene zenkulumo);
- ukwelashwa kwengqondo yokuhlukumezeka, okuhlanganisa ukudala izimo ezinhle zomntwana, umthelela emoyeni wakhe, ukucindezeleka kancane kancane kwezinkulumo zokukhuluma, njll);
- ukwelashwa okunamandla nokwelapha (imishini yokuzivocavoca, physiotherapy, imithi).
Muva nje, ukunakekelwa okuningi kuye kwakhokhiswa imiphumela ye-psychotherapeutic ebuntwini bomntwana ohlukunyezwayo, kumongo wobubanzi bezinqubo zokwelapha. Ngokusekelwe ekucwaningweni kwezazi ze-physiologists zaseRussia uSechenov IM, uPavlova IP, kanye nabalandeli babo, ochwepheshe bakhetha izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokuqeda ukuthungatha futhi bachaza indlela enamuhla eyinkimbinkimbi yokubamba izingane.
Indlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukugxilwa yisifo esiyinkimbinkimbi yesimiso. Kuvela ngezizathu eziningana - eziphilayo, ezingokwengqondo nezenhlalakahle.
Indlela enamuhla eyinkimbinkimbi ekunqobeni ukuthungatha isho umphumela wokwelashwa nokufundisa ngezici ezihlukahlukene zesimo sengqondo somntwana ohlukunyezwayo, esebenzisa izindlela ezehlukene kanye nemizamo yongcweti yamaphrofayli ahlukene. Izinyathelo zokwelashwa nezokufundisa zibandakanya izinqubo zokwelapha kanye namalungiselelo, ukwelashwa ngokomzimba, i-psychotherapy, ukwelashwa kwenkulumo, ukwelashwa kwenkulumo, imisebenzi yemfundo. Umgomo wabo ukuqinisa nokuthuthukisa isimiso sezinzwa futhi, ngokujwayelekile, wonke umzimba wengane; ukuqeda isimo sengqondo esingalungile esimweni sokukhubazeka kwenkulumo, ukwehlisa amandla nokuqedela ukuqeda ukukhulumisana kwenkulumo, ukuhambisana nokuphazamiseka kokuphefumula kanye nezwi, inkulumo kanye namakhono amakhono; ukuvumelanisa kwezenhlalakahle zezingane ezinama-stuttering. Namuhla, imizamo yongcweti ihloswe ekutadisheni okujulile kwezici zomuntu ngamunye ezingokwengqondo zezingane ezinamahlombe.