Ngaphezu kokukhwehlela, izimpawu ze-bronchitis engapheli kungaba: ukuphefumula okuncane - ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo kwenzeka kuphela ngokuzikhandla ngokomzimba; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kubonakala sengathi kunzima kakhulu noma akunakwenzeka ukwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke (isibonelo, ukugqoka); ukukhushulwa okukhulu kwezifo - ngemikhuhlane nezinye izifo zokuphefumula, kukhona ukuthambekela kokusabalalisa kwabo ngokushesha esifubeni, ukukhuphula ukukhiqiza isikhukhula, ukungapheli komphefumulo kanye nomonakalo wamaphaphu; ukulala, ukuvinjelwa, ukunciphisa ikhono lokugxila, ukusabalalisa okuvamile.
Ukuhlukunyezwa
I-bronchitis engapheli ivame ukubonwa asebekhulile. Lesi sifo senziwa ngamadoda angu-17% no-8% wabesifazane abaneminyaka engama-40 kuya kwengu-64. Abaningi babo bayabhema.
Izimbangela
Isizathu esiyinhloko se-bronchitis engapheli kanye ne-emphysema ingumusi wogwayi. I-bronchitis engapheli ayitholakali kubantu abangaboni, futhi izinga lobukhulu bayo lihambisana ngokuqondile nenombolo kagwayi ebhemayo usuku ngalunye. Izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ukungcoliswa komoya nokuthungatha izimboni, kodwa zingasusa isifo esivele sikhona. Izimpawu ezitholakala ku-bronchitis engapheli zibangelwa ukulandelana okulandelayo:
- Izinhlayiya ezikhiqizwa yi-slime ezindongeni ze-bronchi ne-trachea ukwanda kwevolumu; ukukhuliswa kwama-glands kuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwe-secret viscous, ehlukaniswa ngendlela ye-sputum;
- Ukwedlula uketshezi kuholela ekuvinjweni kwe-bronchi;
- Kukhona ukuqina kwezindonga ze-bronchi, okuholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwe-lumen yabo.
Ukugijima kwe-bronchitis okungapheli kungahambisana nokuvuvukala okuphawulekayo kwe-bronchi, ukuqoqwa kwe-pus kuyo, ukwakheka kwezilonda nezibazi. Eziningi iziguli ezine-COPD (isifo esingavamile se-pulmonary disease), kanye ne-bronchitis engapheli, kunezibonakaliso ze-emphysema. I-emphysema yamaphaphu ibonakala yizimpawu ezilandelayo:
- izinguquko ezingenakuguquka emaphashini, lapho i-alveoli (ama-air bag) ekhuphuka ngosayizi futhi ilahlekelwa amandla;
- indlela yokuphefumula ikhula kancane kancane, ehambisana nokubonakala kwe-dyspnea;
- ezimweni eziningi, i-emphysema ivela kwabokubhema;
- ezinye iziguli zinezakhi zofuzo ekuthuthukiseni i-emphysema.
Ukuba khona kokukhwehlela okuphikisanayo nokukhishwa kwesikhuni kumuntu obhemayo onomlando omdala kuholela ekucatshangweni kokuxilongwa kwe-bronchitis engapheli. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhipha ezinye izimbangela zokukhwehlela okungapheli nokuphefumula - isibonelo, i-asthma, isifo sofuba noma umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Lapho uhlola isiguli esinesifo sangempela se-bronchitis, izimpawu ezilandelayo zingatholakala:
- ukuphefumula;
- ukugcoba noma izibonakaliso zokunciphisa ekuhambeni komoya emaphashini ngenkathi kukhishwa;
- ukuphefumula okusheshayo;
- ukuphefumula kanzima - ukugxilwa kwemisipha ye-intercostal namakhaya ngokuphefumulelwa;
- ukunciphisa ukuhambela kwesifuba ngokuphefumulelwa;
- i-cyanosis - isikhumba sesiguli sibheka i-bluish ngenxa yokungenwa ngokwanele emoyeni noma ukucindezeleka okwenyuka enhliziyweni ngenxa yezinguquko ze-pathological emaphashini (okuthiwa inhliziyo ye-pulmonary).
Ukuhlonza
Ukuxilongwa kwe-bronchitis engapheli kusekelwe ezindleleni ezilandelayo:
- I-radiography yesifuba akusiyo njalo imininingwane, ezinkathini zokuqala zesifo asikwazi ukubona ukungajwayelekile;
- Ukuhlolwa kwegazi - izinga le-hemoglobin nomthamo we-erythrocyte okhuphukayo kungandiswa ngenxa yokusabela okukhokhiswayo ekunciphiseni izinga le-oxygen emaphashini;
- i-electrocardiogram (ECG) - ingabona ukunqwabelana kwenhliziyo efanele, ukwenza ukuqhuma kwegazi emaphashini;
- ukuhlolwa kwamapayipi okusebenzayo - okusetshenziselwa ukukala ivolumu yomoya ovulekile nokukhipha umoya, kanye nomthamo obalulekile wamaphaphu.
Umsebenzi wokubaluleka okuyinhloko ekwelapheni i-bronchitis ukuphela kokubhema. Ngisho nesimo esibi sesifo, lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekunciphiseni ukukhwehlela. Umthelela wezinye izici ezivusa amadlingozi, njengokungcola komoya nokuthunjwa kwezimboni, kufanele kugwenywe.
Imithi
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-bronchitis engapheli:
- bronchodilators. Ukulungiselela leli qembu (i-salbutamol, i-ipratropium bromide) kukhuthaza ukwandiswa kwe-bronchi, okuholela ekuphefumuleni okungcono. Zenza ngokuphumelela kakhulu futhi zibekezelela kakhulu iziguli ngendlela yama-aerosol yokungafaki;
- i-corticosteroids. Nciphisa izinguquko zokuvuvukala. Akuzona zonke iziguli ezamukela ukwelashwa nge-corticosteroids. Kodwa-ke, uma inkambo yokuhlolwa kokudliwa ngomlomo kwe-prednisolone kwezinsuku ezingu-2-3 iholela ekunciphiseni i-dyspnea, ukwelapha isikhathi eside nge-steroid engatholakali kungaboniswa. Ukulinganisa okuphumelelayo kwe-steroids engatholakali kuncane kunezibhebhe, okunciphisa ingozi yemiphumela emibi;
- ama-antibiotics. Ngezifo eziphefumulayo zokuphefumula, i-antibiotic inqunyelwe ukuvimbela izinkinga emaphashini. Ukwelashwa Kunconywa ukuthi kuqale uma isikhukhula sitholakala siphuzi noma sihlaza;
- ukuvimbela ukutheleleka. Ku-bronchitis engapheli, kubalulekile ukunganaki umnyaka
- ukugoma ngokumelene nomkhuhlane, njengoba lesi sifo sandisa ingozi yokuthuthukisa ukutheleleka kwe-pulmonary;
- ukwelapha oksijini. Kubonakala ikakhulukazi ukuwohloka okubukhali emsebenzini wokuphefumula ngokumelene nezifo zokuphefumula. Ngokweqile okukhulu kwe-bronchitis engapheli, ocongenatherapy ende, eqhutshwa ngehora (ngisho nangesikhathi sokulala), ingasiza ukunciphisa ukuphefumula nokuthuthukisa ukusinda kweziguli.
Ezinye zokwelapha
Izindlela ezilandelayo zingabuye zithuthukise isimo se-bronchitis:
- I-Physiotherapy - ikhuthaza ukukhishwa kwe-sputum;
- ukuqhuma kwe-steam - kubambe iqhaza ekusungulweni kwe-phlegm, ehamba ngekhwehlela;
- ukusebenzisa ukwelapha - ukudala isisusa sesiguli sokuzivocavoca umzimba okujwayelekile kungasiza ukunciphisa ukuphefumula nokukhathala;
- ukuvuthwa okusizayo kwamaphaphu - uma isimo sibhekene nesimo sesifo esiphuthumayo, i-respirator ekhethekile ingasetshenziswa (ezimweni lapho ubunzima bokuphefumula bubeka impilo engozini).
Lapho kuqala lesi sifo, izimpawu zingabonakaliswa kancane. Isiguli sinomkhuhlane onesipunu esincane. Uma uyeka ukubhema ngalesi sigaba, kungase kube khona ukuqhubeka kwesifo ngisho nokuthuthukiswa okuphambene nokushintsha kwesibindi ku-bronchi. Ngendlela enamandla kakhulu ye-bronchitis nokuqhuma kokubhema, ukufakwa kwezifo ezithinta ukuphefumula kubumbene, okungase kube nzima kakhulu nge-pneumonia nokuhluleka kokuphefumula. Ingozi yokufa ngenxa ye-bronchitis engapheli ababhemayo iphakeme kuneyalabo abangabhemi. Ezimweni ezingaba ngu-50%, iziguli ezinenkinga yokuphefumula ezinzima ziyafa zingakapheli iminyaka emihlanu ukuqala kwalesi sifo, kodwa ukuguqulwa kwesibindi kuthuthukisa ngokuyeka. Izinga lokufa liye landa ngokungcoliswa komoya okukhulu. Manje siyazi ukuthi ukuqhuma kwe-bronchitis engapheli, ukwelashwa kwalesi sifo, kuqhubeka.