Siyabonga izazi zemvelo
Ekhulwini leminyaka lama-XX, ekuseni bonke abendlukazi (noma abapheka) baqala ngomkhankaso wokuthengisa ngemikhiqizo emisha. Kwakudingeka balungele futhi badliwe ngokushesha ngosuku olufanayo, kahle, esimweni esibi kunazo zonke - kusasa. Yiqiniso, kwakukhona ama-glaciers nama-cellars.
Ngenkathi abantu beqagela ukuthi amakhaza asiza ukugcina ukudla okusha, akekho owaziyo. Ngokusobala, ekuqaleni, kwakungasetshenziselwa ama-groves apholile esikhundleni sezinsimbi zokuhamba, futhi ezindaweni ezibandayo - izinqolobane zemvelo zasolwandle. E-China yasendulo, eGreece naseRoma, abantu baye baqagela ukumba izimbobo bese bebenza ngeqhwa ezintabeni. Yiqiniso, la ma-glaciers ayehlala emindenini ehlala kahle. E-India, esikhundleni seqhwa, indlela yokukhuphuka kwasetshenziswa: izitsha zazihlanganiswe ngendwangu emanzi, umswakama wavutha futhi wahlile okuqukethwe. Ngendlela, ngesimiso sokukhuphuka (kuphela, hhayi amanzi, kodwa okunye uketshezi, isibonelo, ether noma freon), idivayisi yefriji yesimanje isekelwe.
Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, ukusetshenziswa kweqhwa kwakukhohliwe, kepha ukuhlaziywa kwe-alchemy kwaqala ukukhula, okwakungumkhiqizo owodwa owawuthola izinto eziwusizo. Ngokuyinhloko, kwaqaphela ukuthi i-nitrate (i-potassium nitrate, "usawoti waseShayina", owethulwa ama-Arabhu eYurophu cishe ngo-1200 futhi ngokushesha waba yinto ewuthandayo yama-alchemists) ahlakazeka emanzini futhi athole ukushisa, okungukuthi, amanzi aphuza ngokushesha. Lesi simo sisetshenzisiwe kuze kube manje - kuzinkampani zokusiza zokuvakasha kuqala zivame ukufaka iphakheji elivaliwe eligcwele amanzi, lapho i-ampoule ne-ammonium nitrate ifaka khona. Kwanele ukushaya ibhande ngepakethe bese uphula i-ampoule, ukuze iphakheji ipholile ngama-degree angu-15. Kungasetshenziswa kumavimbo noma amanxeba esikhundleni seqhwa.
Ekhulwini leshumi nantathu, ngosizo lwe-saltpetre, iziphuzo zazihlile futhi izithelo zeqhwa zenziwa (okuyinto, njengento entsha entsha, yayiyikumbulo nje elidala elikhohliwe - eRoma lasendulo, izazi zothando zazijabulela ijusi lesithelo elibandisiwe). Ngo-1748, uWilliam Cullen, uprofesa wezokwelapha eYunivesithi yaseGlasgow, wakhetha ubuchwepheshe bokupholisa okuhambayo ngokusebenzisa i-ether: ekamelweni elilodwa i-vacuum yenziwa lapho i-ether ibilisa futhi ikhuphuka, ikhiphe ikamelo, khona-ke umfutho wangena kwelinye ikamelo lapho kuphefumula khona isikhala, futhi kusukela lapho futhi kwafika ekamelweni lokuqala. Kwaba umjikelezo ovaliwe - kulesi simiso esifanayo kusekelwe manje emsebenzini wanoma yisiphi isiqandisisi.
Kodwa ngubani iqhwa?
Isiqandisini sokuqala sekhaya, noma isiqandisisi, savela e-United States ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 futhi sasingenakuzithoba. UThomas Moore, unjiniyela kanye nomdayisi we-butterfly wengxenye yesikhathi esithile, wakhuphuka ngendlela yokuthutha amafutha avela eMaryland waya eWashington - emabhokisini anezindonga ezintathu ezinqabeni: amashidi ensimbi, izikhumba zogwaja kanye nezinkuni. Ngaphakathi kukhona amakamelo amabili: amafutha kanye neqhwa. UMorell wanikeza ilungelo lobunikazi, waqamba igama, futhi phakathi nekhulu le-19, "amafriji" ahlanzekile kancane (esikhundleni samakhanda ezinogwaja - i-sawdust, iphepha, isikhala) wavela emafamu aseMelika naseYurophu. Ngokushesha, e-United States, kwakungekho nhlobo enkulu yamanzi esele esingeke ivunwe ebusika. Ehlobo, abathengisi beqhwa babelokhu behlala ezindlini ezikhethekile, nabathengisi be-ice babethengisa i-icemen. Ukukhiqizwa kweqhwa kwakhula ngokushesha, inxenye enkulu yayo elawulwa abafuduki baseRussia abavela e-Alaska. Iminyaka emithathu kulo makethe inkampani yaseRussia-Amamerika ithole okungaphezu kwegolide, ekukhiqizeni eyasungulwa.
Ngo-1844, udokotela waseMelika uJohn Gori wadala ukufakwa ngokusekelwe ekutholeni uCullen futhi wasebenza emoyeni. Wakha icebo lokufakelwa esibhedlela eFlorida, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, wakhonza umoya obandayo emakamelweni - empeleni, kwakuyi-air conditioner yokuqala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isifo se-typhus sasiwela e-US naseYurophu, eshukunyiswa ukusetshenziswa kweqhwa emanzini angcolile. Ngaleso sikhathi, imboni yayidonsa imifula, ngakho-ke umbuzo wokuhlanzeka kweqhwa waba yindabuko. Kokubili eNew nasezweni elidala, oyisunguli esisodwa ngemuva kwesinye sakha amamodeli amaningi noma angaphumelela emishini yokucindezela eyenza iqhwa lokufakelwa. Njengamaqabunga, basebenzisa i-ether, i-ammonia noma i-anhydride esulfure. Ungacabanga ukuthi ukuthungatha okusabalala kuzungeze lezi ziqandisini. Noma kunjalo, imishini enomsindo ehlelwe kahle embonini yokudakwa nasezimbonini zokukhiqiza iqhwa. Futhi yini okufanele ukhethe iziqandisisi zendlu - isinqumo somuntu ngamunye ngokwehlukana.
Freon noGreenpeace
Ngo-1910, uGeneral Electric wakhipha isiqandisini sokuqala esiqandisini sefriji - isinamathini esakhiwe emabhokisini eqhwa, okwakhiqiza iqhwa. Ibiza u-$ 1,000, kubiza kabili njengemoto ye-Ford. I-motor kule console yayinkulu kangangokuthi yayivame ukuhlala esiteji futhi ixhunywe ku-"ibhokisi leqhwa" uhlelo lokushayela. Kuphela ngo-1927 abaqambi bakaGener Electric, abaholwa yi-engineer waseDenmark, uChristian Steenstrup, badala isiqandisini sangempela, zonke izingxenye zazo ezingena egumbini elincane, futhi zanikeza ne-thermoregulator, eye yasetshenziselwa ukuguqulwa okuncane kuze kube manje. Ngokushesha umculi wamakhemikhali waseMelika uThomas Mead-gley wasikisela ukushintsha i-ammonia ngegesi esanda kuhlanganiswa ne-Freon, eyathatha ukushisa okungaphezulu ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka futhi yayingeyona ingozi kubantu. Ngethubeni likaFranon, uMead-Glay wabonisa lokhu ngendlela ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu: wafaka imvuthuluka kaFranon futhi wakhipha isikhandela esivuthayo. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi i-freon ibhubhisa uhlaka lwe-ozone lomhlaba kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-1970, lapho u-Greenpeace enza imidwebo emikhulu futhi, ekugcineni, abakhiqizi baphoqeleka ukuba bayeke i-freon ngenhloso yamagesi aphephile.
Ngo-1933 e-United States, cishe abesifazane abayizigidi ezingu-6 babethatha ukudla "ekhaya" esiqandisini seGeneral Motors. ENgilandi kwakukhona amafriji ayizinkulungwane ezingu-100 kuphela, eJalimane - abayizinkulungwane ezingu-30, e-USSR owayengakwazi ukufunda ngalezi zici ezifundwayo kuphela encwadini ("Wabonisa iKhabhinethi eneziqandisini ezingagcini nje kuphela, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, wayilungisa ngendlela enhle ama-cubes angabonakali ebhodini elimhlophe elimhlophe, elifana nesithombe: endaweni yokulala kwakukhona amakamelo okudla inyama, ubisi, inhlanzi, amaqanda nezithelo. "U-Ilf noPetrov," Omunye waseMelika ", 1937).
Yiqiniso, eSoviet Union, futhi, basebenze ukwakha amadivaysi eklanyelwe ukusiza impilo yabasebenzi. Kusukela ngo-1933, isitshalo seMoshim-trust saveza amafriji okumele agcwaliswe ngeqhwa elomile. Zibiza kakhulu, zivame ukwehla, ngakho-ke i-People's Commissar ye-Food Industry i-Anastas Mikoyan ihlale ihlela abaqambi ngezinkampani. Indawo kuphela lapho izingxenye zeqrijini eziqhutshwa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa enhlokodolobha kwakubizwa ngokuthi "Cocktail Hall" eGorky Street, lapho i-ayisikhilimu yenziwa ngemishini yaseMelika.
Ngo-1939, kwakungenzeka ukuthi ukuthenga, noma ukweba eNtshonalanga imidwebo yedivaysi entsha (engasebenzi ku-freon, kodwa nge-anhydride esesulfurous) futhi uqale ukukhiqizwa kwamafriji emakhaya eKhtsz-120 eKharkov Tractor Plant. Kodwa impi yaqala, futhi kwakungenjalo neze. Isiqabetho seSoviet freon "ZIL" sasifakwa ekukhiqizeni okuyizinhlamvu ngoMashi 1951. Ngonyaka ofanayo waqala ukukhiqiza "uSaratov". Kodwa iziqandisisi zitholakala ngempela kuma-60s kuphela. Babenokwethenjelwa, kodwa bephansi kuneWestern in ukusebenza futhi lula. Ikakhulukazi, ihrifi yayitholakala ngqo esiswini seqandisini. Khumbula: umnyango we-aluminium, ama-drifts angunaphakade weqhwa ngaphakathi? Wonke umuntu uyakhumbula lokhu, okwathi okungenani wake wazibuza umbuzo wokukhetha isiqandisisi sendlu. E-United States, ekuqaleni kuka-1939, i-General Electric yakhiqiza isiqandisini seminyango emibili, futhi ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1950 Akukho ukukhwabanisa kwama-frost okwakhiwa, okuvumela ukuhambisa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa njalo.
Smart Touch
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuphelela kwesiqandisisi kuyahamba endleleni yobuhle, lula nokusebenza okuphezulu. Isibonelo, i-Samsung Electronics isanda kufaka uchungechunge olusha lwe-Smart Touch - ngokukhanyisa kwangaphandle (lokhu kulungele ngokukhethekile uma uzikhipha kude kwikhompyutha yakho ebusuku ukuze ugcwalise umzimba wakho wezinzwa ngenqubo yokudala.) Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED - kokubili kwangaphandle nangaphakathi - konke okudingekayo, hhayi ukufaka ukukhanya ekhishini). Kubonakala sengathi abaklami bacabanga ngazo zonke iziduduza ezibonakalayo: isibambo esakhelwe ngaphakathi ekamelweni lokushisa senzelwe isimiso sezimoto - kulula ukuvula, ngisho nokubamba amaphakheji anzima nemikhiqizo. Ishalofu elinyathelisiwe, elihlelwe ezikhundleni ezintathu ezihlukene, likuvumela ukuba ubeke ekamelweni ikhekhe elikhulu noma enye ukudla okukhulu. Ezingeni elingaphansi lomnyango kuneshalofu esikhethekile semikhiqizo yezingane - izingane zizozijabulisa, zithole i-cottage ushizi nejusi ekuseni.
Kubonakala sengathi umgomo oyinhloko wabakhiqizi bamanje beziqandisisi ukunikeza abathengi injabulo, kuhlanganise nokuhleleka. I-Smart Touch ihle kakhulu njengonkulunkulu: ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kugcizelela ukunethezeka kwesibhakabhaka esimnyama (okungcono kakhulu, kodwa akukho version encane - "insimbi engagqwali"). Uma kumyeni lokhu kungenakuphikisana okwanele ukukhetha, kufanele kuqinisekiswe okunjalo, isibonelo, imininingwane: udonga olungemuva lwesiqandisisi luyinto ephelele - lokhu kuthuthukisa ukufakwa kwayo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, uthuli alunamatheli, futhi lisho (ukuthi umyeni uyazi) Ungadluli imoto.
Amamodeli amabili - i-RL55VTEMR ne-RL55VTEBG - ifakwe isikrini sokuthinta, esikuvumela ukulawula yonke imisebenzi yeyunithi ngokuchofoza okukodwa. Ngisho nalesi sikrini ungabhala amanothi kumyeni wakho: "Othandekayo, ungakhohlwa, sinezivakashi namuhla. Uma ukhohlwa, futhi ukubukeka kwabo ngeke kukulindeleke, ungasebenzisa umnyango we-Cool Select Zone - i-champagne izophola khona izikhathi eziyisithupha kunesiqandisini sethu esidala! "
Ngesikhathi abakhiqizi bekhathalela ngathi, thina, abasebenzisi, senza okuthile ukuthuthukisa iziqandisini zethu. Ngokwesibonelo, uJohan Cornwell oneminyaka engu-22 ubudala, unamathele esiqandisini i-catapult ephonsa umnikazi we-can beer ukuze akwazi ukuvuka ebhedeni. Into enzima kunazo zonke ukufunda ngesikhathi, ukubamba amabhange, kodwa umsunguli usiqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kuyinkinga yamakhono.