Izinhlayiya ze-endocrine ezibaluleke kakhulu ziyi:
• Ingubo ye-Pituitary;
• Ingubo yegciwane;
• izigulane ezibuhlungu;
• ingxenye ye-endocrine ye-pancreas;
• izigulane eziyingozi;
• Izigulane zobulili (ama-ovari emasimini nabesifazane ngamadoda).
Indima yamahomoni
Umsebenzi wezinhlayiya ze-endocrine ukhona ekukhululweni kwama-hormone ngqo egazini legazi. Ama-hormone ahlukahlukene angaba ngamaqembu ahlukene amakhemikhali. Bayahamba ngegazi lamanje, belawula umsebenzi wezinhlaka ezihlosiwe. Izibilini zamangqamuzana alawa malungu anemitholampilo ezwela i-hormone ethile. Isibonelo, elinye lamahomoni lenza amangqamuzana azwelayo akhiqize imithi yesignali - i-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), echaphazela izinqubo zamaphrotheni, ukugcina nokugcina amandla, nokukhiqizwa kwamanye amahomoni. I-albhamu ngayinye ye-endocrine iveza ama-hormone enza imisebenzi ethile emzimbeni.
• Ingubo yegciwane
Izimpendulo ziyinhloko yokulawulwa kwe-metabolism yamandla, ukukhiqiza ama-hormone thyroxine kanye ne-triiodothyronine.
• Izigulane ze-Parathyroid
Bakhiqiza i-hormone ye-parathyroid, ehilelekile ekulawulweni kwe-calcium metabolism.
• Ama-Pancreas
Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-pancreas ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme yokugaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlanganisa ama-hormone insulin ne-glucagon.
• Izigulane eziyingozi
Ingqimba yangaphandle ye-adrenals ibizwa ngokuthi i-cortex. Ikhiqiza ama-hormone e-corticosteroid, kufaka phakathi i-aldosterone (ehileleke ekulawulweni komzimba wamanzi kagesi) kanye ne-hydrocortisone (ehileleke ezinkambisweni zokukhula nokulungisa izicubu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cortex ikhiqiza ama-hormone ocansini wesilisa nowesifazane (androgens kanye ne-estrogens). Ingxenye yangaphakathi ye-grenal adrenal, noma ingqondo yobuchopho, inesibopho sokukhiqizwa kwe-adrenaline ne-norepinephrine. Isenzo esihlanganyelwe salezi zinhlobo ezimbili sinomthelela ekukhuphukeni kwenhliziyo, ukwanda kwezinga legazi negazi kanye nokugeleza kwegazi kuya emisipha. Ukweqa ngokweqile noma ukungabikho kwama-hormone kungaholela ezifweni ezimbi, ukukhubazeka kokuthuthukiswa noma ukufa. Ukulawula okuphelele phezu kokukhiqizwa kwama-hormone (inombolo yabo kanye nesigqi sokugqama) ngesistimu yobuchopho.
I-pituitary gland
I-pituitary gland iyinkinga ye-pea-size esezindaweni zobuchopho futhi iveza ama-hormone angaphezu kuka-20. Lawa mahomoni asebenza ukulawula umsebenzi we-secretory wezinye izinhlayiya ze-endocrine. I-pituitary gland ine-lobes amabili. Ingxenye yangaphakathi (i-adenohypophysis) ikhiqiza ama-hormone alawula umsebenzi wezinye izigulane ze-endocrine.
I-hormone ebaluleke kunazo zonke i-pituitary gland yilezi:
• I-hormone ye-thyroid (stimulating hormone) (i-TTG) - ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-thyroxine nge-gland yegciwane;
• I-hormone ye-adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) - yandisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-hormone ngama-gland adrenal;
• i-hormone-ivuselela i-hormone (i-FSH) ne-hormone yokuqondisa (LH) - ivuse umsebenzi wama-ovari nama-testes;
• I-hormone yokukhula (HHG).
I-lobe engemuva ye-pituitary gland
Ingxenye engezansi ye-pituitary (i-neurohypophysis) inesibopho sokuqoqwa nokukhululwa kwama-hormone akhiqizwa kwi-hypothalamus:
• i-vasopressin, noma i-hormone ye-antidiuretic (ADH), - ilawula umthamo we-urine okhiqizwa, ngaleyo ndlela iqhaza ekugcineni ibhalansi yamanzi usawoti;
• i-oxytocin - ithinta izicubu ezibushelelezi zesisu kanye nomsebenzi wezinhlayiya ze-mammary, okubandakanyeka kwinqubo yokulethwa nokulahlwa.
Indlela, ebizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwempendulo, ivumela i-pituitary ukuthi inqume uma kunesidingo ukuhlukanisa ama-hormone ashukumisa izigcawu ezihambisanayo. Isibonelo sokuzilawula ngokweqile ngenxa yempendulo umphumela we-hormone ye-pituitary ekusithekeni kwe-thyroxin. Ukwandiswa kwemithi ye-thyroxine nge-gland yegciwane kuholela ekususweni kwe-pituitary production-stimulating hormone (TSH). Umsebenzi we-TSH ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-thyroxine nge-gland yegciwane. Ukuncipha kwezinga le-TSH kuholela ekunciphiseni ekukhiqizeni i-thyroxine. Lapho nje ukufihla kwayo kuwela emgodini we-pituitary kuyaphendula ngokukhulisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-TSH, okwenza kube nokugcinwa njalo kwezinga elidingekayo le-thyroxine emzimbeni. Uhlelo lwempendulo lusebenza ngaphansi kwe-hypothalamus, oluthola ulwazi oluvela kuma-endocrine nasesimweni sezinzwa. Ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, i-hypothalamus ifihla amaphethini alawulwayo, bese efaka i-pituitary gland.