Izigaba eziseduze
Umdlavuza we-Lung esiteji sokuqala uvame ukuvela kalula. Kamuva, i-hemoptysis ingenzeka, kanye nezimpawu ezilandelayo:
- ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo;
- ubuhlungu esifubeni;
- izifo zokuphefumula eziphikelela noma eziphindaphindiwe;
- ukuphefumula;
- i-wheezing;
- ukuzwakalisa izwi;
- isisindo somzimba esinciphile;
- ukungabi nesifiso sokudla;
- ukukhathala;
- ubuhlungu ehlombe noma nengalo.
Ezinye izimpawu ngokuvamile zihlotshaniswa nokusabalalisa kwamasitasa - ukufuduka kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza kwezinye izitho ngokusebenzisa izitsha zegazi nezethempeli. Isibonelo, ukusabalala kwesisu emthanjeni kungahambisane nobuhlungu obukhulu kanye nokwahlukana okukhulu, izidakamizwa zesibindi ngokuvamile zibangelwa ama-ascites kanye ne-jaundice, futhi ebuchosheni - izinguquko ekuziphatheni. Iningi lamacala omdlavuza wamaphaphu ahlobene nokubhema. Isifo esibuhlungu somdlavuza wamaphaphu, ukubonakaliswa kwemitholampilo kubonakala sekukhona esigabeni esibi sesifo.
Ukubhema
Ingozi yokuthuthukisa isifo sikhula ngokunyuka kwenombolo kagwayi ebhemayo ngosuku kanye nobude bokubhema. Kodwa-ke, kufinyelela ekunciphiseni ngokushiywa kwalo mkhuba oyingozi. Ukushisa ugwayi ngabangewona abokubhema (okuthiwa ukungafaki ukubhema) kwandisa amathuba okuba nesifo cishe ngo-15%. Ukusuka emigayimeni kuya emipayipi yokubhema noma ugwayi kunganciphisa ingozi, kodwa ihlala ingaphezulu kakhulu kunelabo abangabhemi.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi
Iphesenti elincane lamacala omdlavuza wamaphaphu lihlotshaniswa nokungcoliswa kwemoya, kanye nokuthungatha uthuli lwezimboni eziqukethe izinhlayiyana ze-asbestos, i-arsenic, i-chromium, i-oxide ye-iron, i-tar yamalahle nama-combustion imikhiqizo.
Izicubu zesibili
Inqubo embi kwezinye izitho, ngokwesibonelo, izilonda ezincelisayo noma i-prostate, zingahambisane nokubunjwa kwe-tumor yesibili emaphaphu enezimpawu ezifanayo.
Ukuhlukunyezwa
Amadoda, ngaphezu kwabesifazane, inkontileka yomdlavuza wamaphaphu izikhathi ezintathu kaningi, kodwa lo mthelela wehla ngokunyuka kwenani lababhemayo besifazane. Phakathi kwezimbangela eziyinhloko zokufa kwabesifazane ngomdlavuza, lolu hlobo lomdlavuza luba sesibili ngemva komdlavuza webele. Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu kuvame ukusekelwa kumaminithi we-anamnesis nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo. Ngaphandle kwezimpawu zamapulmari, kubalulekile ukunaka izibonakaliso zezifo ze-hormonal, ukuwohloka kwemisipha kanye nezintambo zomzimba, i-anemia, i-thrombosis, izinguquko zamalungu, ukuqhuma isikhumba. Lezi zimpawu kwezinye izimo zihamba nezinguquko ezimbi emaphashini.
Ukuqina kwe-phalanges yeminwe
Ukuvinjelwa kokuphela kwama-phalanges eminwe nezinzwane (njengokuthi "izigubhu") kubonakala kuma-30% wamacala omdlavuza wamaphaphu, kodwa kwenzeka kwezinye izifo, isibonelo, ezinkingeni zezinhliziyo zomzimba.
Izinhlobo zomdlavuza wamaphaphu
I-cell carcinoma encane iyisisu esinonya kakhulu futhi esheshayo. I-20-30% yazo zonke izimo zomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ivela amangqamuzana avela ama-hormone, ngakho kwezinye izimo ezinye zezimpawu zibangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwamagciwane. I-non-small cell carcinoma iqoqo lezinambuzane ezibonakala ngokukhula kancane. Zihlanganisa:
- i-squamous cell carcinoma;
- umdlavuza omkhulu omisiwe;
- umdlavuza we-alveolar;
- i-adenocarcinoma yamaphaphu (i-tumor ehlobene nokufakwe kwe-asbestos, futhi futhi evame kakhulu kubantu abangabhemi).
Ukuze kutholakale umdlavuza wamaphaphu, lezi zindlela ezilandelayo zisetshenziswa:
- I-X-ray ye-Chest - ivumela ukukhomba izicubu ngobubanzi buka-1-2 cm (izicubu ezincane ezincane azitholakali ngomsakazo). Ngesikhathi sokuqala kwezimpawu, amaphesenti angama-90 wamaphaphu ahlolwe yi-radiography;
- i-tomography ehlanganisiwe - ivumela ukukhomba ukubunjwa okuncane, kodwa amanye awo angase ahlale engaqapheli uma usebenzisa le ndlela;
- ukuskena kwe-resonance magnetic - inikeza ukubonakala kahle kwe-tumor kanye ne-lymph nodes ekhulisiwe eduze nemikhumbi emikhulu yamaphaphu.
I-bronchoscopy
I-bronchoscopy iyindlela yokutadisha indlela yokuhamba emoyeni usebenzisa idivayisi encane eguquguqukayo ye-fibre optic - i-bronchoscope. Kungasetshenziselwa ukukhipha isisindo samathumba e-bronchogenic kanye namaseli agubhayo avela kwezinye izingxenye zamaphaphu ukuhlolwa kwelabhoratri.
I-puncture biopsy
Esikhathini salolu cwaningo, inaliti encane ebizwa ngokuthi i-transthoracic needle efakwe emgodini wesifuba ngaphansi kwe-X-ray noma i-CT isetshenziselwa ukuthatha isampula yesikhumba esakhiweni esolisayo. Isibikezelo esiphezulu seziguli ezine-cancer yomaphaphu asinakulungile, noma kunjalo, uma kutholakala isisu esikhathini esingaphansi futhi kungekho metastases, ukungenelela okuhlinzayo kungabangela ukwelashwa. Indlela yokuzikhethela iziguli ezinokukhubazeka okuphawulekayo kokusebenza kwamaphalenda yindlela yokwelapha imithi ephezulu. Kulezi ziguli ezithuthuka kancane kancane isisindo se-squamous cell, kokubili izindlela zokuhlinzeka ne-radiotherapy zingasebenza.
Ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa
Ukwelashwa okuphumelela kakhulu komdlavuza ongasona omncane wamaphaphu ukuhlinzwa, kodwa kuwufanele kuphela iziguli ezingu-20%, ezineminyaka emihlanu kuphela engu-25-30% kuphela. Ingozi yokufa ngenxa yokuhlinzeka ikakhulukazi iziguli ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65. Abaningi babo bayabhema futhi kaningi banezifo ezihambisana nezifo zokuphefumula, njenge-bronchitis ne-emphysema.
I-Chemotherapy
I-cell cell carcinoma yindlela kuphela yomdlavuza wamaphaphu lapho i-chemotherapy iphakanyiswa khona, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kungase kube khona isikhathi esifushane. Isikhathi sokuphila sokuphila kweziguli ezine-chemotherapy ezinyangeni ezingu-11 emva kokuphela kokwelashwa (kuqhathaniswa nezinyanga ezingu-4 ngaphandle kwe-chemotherapy). Iziguli ezingaba ngu-10% ezinehlobo elingenamkhawulo lomdlavuza ziphila eminyakeni engu-2-3 emva kokwelapha.
Izindlela zokwelapha umdlavuza wamaphaphu zihlanganisa:
Futhi ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa - ukususwa kwe-tumor oyinhloko (ngokungabikho kwe-metastases nesimo esanelisayo sesiguli);
- Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa - kubaluleke kakhulu ekwelapheni izicubu ezingasebenzi;
- I-Chemotherapy iyindlela esemqoka yokwelapha umdlavuza omncane wamaphaphu weseli.
I-Cancer engenakutholakala
Ukuze unciphise iziguli ezingenathemba, lezi zindlela ezilandelayo ziyasetshenziswa:
- ukwethulwa kwe-stent encane ukuze kugcinwe ukukhanya okuvulekile kwezigubhu ezibandayo ezivinjelwe yisisu;
- ukwethulwa kwezidakamizwa ezithwala imishanguzo ngqo kwi-bronchi;
- ukwelapha imishanguzo enemithamo emincane yemisebe yokudambisa ubuhlungu be-bone, ukukhwehlela okukhulu kanye ne-hemoptysis;
- ukuqokwa kwe-steroids ukuthuthukisa ukudla;
- ukusetshenziswa kwe-morphine namanye ama-analgesics e-narcotic ukuphumula ubuhlungu.