Ngokokuqala ngqangi uhlelo lwe-in vitro fertilization (IVF) lwenziwa ngempumelelo eNgilandi ngo-1978, lapho ingane yokuqala ephuma ku-tube test ivela khona - uLouise Brown. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izingane ezinjalo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ziye zazalwa emhlabeni. Ukuphumelela okungcono kakhulu kwabesifazane banamuhla kubonisa lokho okusekelwe ekuhlakanipheni kanye nenhlalakahle yabesifazane.
Uma lesi sibeletho singekho (kusukela ekuzalweni noma ngenxa yokuhlinzwa), noma uma owesifazane ephikisana nokukhulelwa, noma uma nje engafuni ukuphuma izinyanga, angasebenzisa izinsizakalo zomama ozithandayo. I-embryo etholakala ngosizo lwe-IVF efanayo ifakwa esibelethweni sowesifazane ovuma ukukhuthazelela ingane futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokubeletha abazali bakhe abaphilayo. Ngokokuqala ngqa kwenzeka okwenzeka eU.SA ngo-1986. Ngokuvamile, izihlobo zifaka esikhundleni somama (kubandakanya omama nomama abathwala abazukulu babo). Emazweni amaningi aphucukile, umama wokuzikhethela uvinjelwe ngokuphelele, noma uvunyelwe kuphela ngaphandle kokuhweba. Isibonelo, iBrithani uCarol Horlock, owakhipha izingane zabanye abantu abayisishiyagalolunye, wenza lokhu kuphela ukuthokoza kokukhulelwa. Kodwa awunakuboni ukubona umculi onjalo, futhi owesifazane wesimanje uyaziqhenya ngempumelelo engcono kakhulu kuze kube manje.
Emazweni amaningana, kuhlanganise ne-Ukraine, iRussia, iKazakhstan, amanye amazwe aseMelika, umama wokubeletha usungulwe ngokomthetho (intengo ishintsha phakathi kwama-dollar angu-5 kuya ku-10).
Ngendlela efanayo, abashadikazi abathandana nabo bangakwazi ukubeletha umntwana "ovamile": omunye uthatha iqanda, elinye libhebhe. Isibungu, Yebo, umnikeli. Kusukela kumbono wezomthetho, lokhu kungumama wokuzalwa, ngakho-ke owesifazane onomntwana, ngaphambi kwenqubo, kufanele abhale ukushiywa kwamalungelo okubeletha. Ngezinye izikhathi kunezigameko ezingokomthetho (isibonelo, maduzane e-United States "abazali" ababili bavivinywa ngenxa yengane yabo eneminyaka eyisikhombisa.) Inkantolo ithole idokhumenti evela emtholampilo, ngokuyisisekelo ehlelekile, ngokwanele ukuphika umama wesibili ilungelo lokuboshwa). Kodwa naphezu kwezinkinga zezokwelapha, ezokuziphatha nezinye izinkinga, ukukhulelwa kwe-IVF kanye nokukhulelwa kwababelethi kwenza ukuba labo besifazane babekwazi ukuthola isimangaliso ngaphambili.
Shintsha ubulili
Akungabazeki ukuthi ama-oddballs athuthukile, ayegqoke ama-pantalons amadoda, izinwele ezimfushane nokubhema ipayipi, angavuma ukuguqula ubulili - babenezinto ezanele zokugqoka. Kodwa emphakathini wabantu kwakukhona njalo abantu abazalwa emzimbeni wangaphandle. Manje zibizwa ngokuthi ama-transsexuals. Ngokwezibalo zaseMelika, amadoda amathathu aziwayo njengabesifazane, kukhona owesifazane oyedwa oziqaphela njengendoda. Kuze kube ngu-1960, abantu abathandana nabo besifazane babengenalo ithuba lokuthola umzimba "olungile", babecabanga ukuthi bagula ngokwengqondo futhi bazama ukuphatha ukwethuka kagesi. Ngokulandelayo, amanyuvesi amaningana e-United States aqala ukucwaninga ngokujulile ngokuqondene nobulili, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuvimbela ukuguqulwa kobulili kwaqedwa. Manje emazweni amaningi athuthukile, le nqubo ilawulwa ngumthetho futhi ihlanganisa izigaba eziningana: ukwelashwa kwe-hormonal, ukuhlinzwa, ushintsho lwamagama kanye namadokhumenti (okugcina, ngendlela, akuvunyelwe yonke indawo). E-Ukraine, akukho mithetho ehambelanayo, kodwa ayikho izinkinga ezikhethekile: ubulili epasipoti lungashintshwa emva kokusebenza, ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha. Odokotela bakhuluma izindaba ezimangalisayo emisebenzini yabo - isibonelo, mayelana nowesifazane ozibheka njengomuntu ogama lakhe linguDima futhi waphupha ngokushada nomthandi wakhe. Lo mbhangqwana wawufuna ukuba nezingane, kodwa umakoti wayenenkinga yezokwelapha. Khona-ke uDima wanquma ukuyeka ukuguqulwa kokugcina futhi waqala ukukhipha ingane, owaba uyise.
Phinda ubheke ukubukeka ukunambitha
Ukuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki kunomlando omude, kodwa kuze kube phakathi kwekhulu lama-XX kwenziwa kuphela uma kunesidingo: emva kwamanxeba, ukushisa, ngokukhubazeka okuhlukahlukene. Abadlali abacebile kakhulu nabadume kakhulu kuphela banquma ukulala phansi kommese wokuhlinza ukulibazisa ukuguga (isibonelo, uLyubov Orlova wayengumfana weplastiki). Ukusebenza kwakubizayo, futhi imiphumela yayingeke ibe khona ngenxa yezindlela ezingaphelele. Kodwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-50 - ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60 ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlinzekwa kwepulasitiki yaseMelika kwakukhona ukujula, isilinganiso se "intengo yamanani" siphuthume ngokushesha, futhi ngokushesha ukubuyiswa kwezingaphandle kwahlanganiswa nesigaba esiphakathi. Mhlawumbe into ebaluleke kakhulu kufanele ibhekwe ukubonakala kwezimpande ze-silicone ngo-1962. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isifuba se-zero sesiphelile isigwebo sokugcina sentombazane ephupha ukunqoba i-Hollywood. Kwamanye amandla kwakukhona ukungcola kwangempela epulasitiki. Isibonelo, eVenezuela, evumela njalo abawinile beMicrosoft World kanye neMicrosoft Universe, abazali abavela emindenini enokwenza kahle bathola amabele anomusa namanqina omuntu omdala. Ukuqondisa ikhala lakho kufana nokuya kwi-solarium. Ngomdlandla ofanayo, abesifazane baseKorea nabesifazane baseShayina bavuselela amehlo futhi izinduku zibukeke njengezizwe zaseYurophu. Ukubonakala sekuye kwaba yisipho sikaNkulunkulu (noma isijeziso), manje kuyisethi kuphela yedatha yokuqala, ongayilahla ngokwakho.
Thola izigidigidi
Ngesinye isikhathi, owesifazane angase abe umnikazi wezindleko ngezinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalolunye kuphela ngenxa yefa lakhe. Ebhizinisi elibi kakhulu, ubulili obuthakathaka abuvunyelwe: okokuqala - ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemfundo (okwakuyinto enzima ukuyithola), ngenxa-ke ngenxa yokuthi "ingilazi yezingilazi" engavunyelwe. Ukuhlukumeza kokuqala ekuvikeleni kwamadoda kwakwazi ukuhlukana phakathi kwamakhosikazi okugcoba kwekhulu lokugcina: uMary Kay no-Este Lauder. Ngesikhathi sokufa kwalokhu, ngo-2004, izindleko ze-perfume empire yazo zazifinyelele kumaRandi ayizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu.
Manje abesifazane , abaye bathola izihloko zabo ngengqondo yabo, bavala abesifazane abangamashumi amabili abacebile kakhulu emhlabeni ngokusho kukaForbes. Sijabule kakhulu ngokuphila komnikazi - umsunguli wezinkampani ezinkulu zokugqoka uRosalia Mera (Inditex, onomnikazi we-brand Zara) noJuliana Benetton. Bobabili banamabhiliyoni angu-2,9. "Owesifazane ophumelele kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele we-United States" - UMargaret Whitman, owayeyi-CEO ye-eBay kusukela ngo-1998 kuya ku-2008 - wathola ukubonga ngemibono yakhe yebhizinisi eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.6. Amagama amabhiliyoni amabili ayaziwa emhlabeni wonke: Ummemezeli we-TV u-Oprah Winfrey noJoanne Rowling, abakwa-biography abofana ngendlela ephawulekayo nesiqephu se "Cinderella", noHarry Potter njengesikhulu.
Yahlulela ibhiliyoni kumyeni wakhe
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, owesifazane ongekho e-US, noma eYurophu, noma eRussia wayenamalungelo endoda yomyeni wakhe, futhi ngisho nenqubo yesehlukaniso yaba yisilingo esibuhlungu. E-UK, isibonelo, omunye wabashade wenza "njengommangalelwa", okungukuthi, u-treason owaziwayo. Uma ukuhlukumezeka empeleni kwakungekho, iqembu elifake isahlukaniso, kwakudingeka lisungulwe bese lifakazela obala phambi kwenkantolo. Manje, emazweni amaningi athuthukile, owesifazane unelungelo lokuyingxenye yendawo ayitholile emshadweni (ngaphandle uma kungenjalo okushiwo enkonzweni yomshado). E-Soviet Union, "isigamu sezindlu ezihlanganisiwe" ngokuvamile kwakusho indawo eyodwa noma eyodwa nengxenye ekamelweni lokubambisana noma ingxenye "kaMoskvich". Kodwa eRussia yanamuhla, i-akhawunti ihluke kakhulu. Isibonelo semiphumela emihle kakhulu yabesifazane besimanje yisahlukaniso sabakwa-Abramovich abane ngo-2007. Ekuqaleni, kwakukhona amahemuhemu okuthi u-Irina Abramovich, owabeletha umfazi wezingane ezinhlanu, wayezozuza isigamu sakhe semali, okungukuthi, cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu. Kulolu cala, kungaba yindlwana ebiza kakhulu emlandweni. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, isinxephezelo saba "kuphela" amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-300 (ngokunembile, izigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-150). Lokho, uzovuma, akuyona into embi, ucabange ukuthi u-Irina, ngokusho ukuthi ufuna ukushada nomsebenzi we-stewardess, uye waba ngumama wendlu njalo.
Amakhosikazi aseMelika anemiphumela emihle kunazo zonke abesifazane besimanje, banqoba imali eyengeziwe emadodeni abo. Irekhodi likaPhyllis Redstone - ngemuva kokufunda ngokukhwabanisa, wafaka isahlukaniso futhi ngo-2002 wamangalela umyeni wakhe, uSanner Redstone wezindaba zomphakathi, i-1.8 billion zamaRandi. Indaba efanayo yenzeka ngomshado kaRupert Murdoch. Owesifazane wakhe wesibili u-Anna Torv, efunde ngeveli yomyeni wakhe nomsebenzi omncane uWendi Deng, waqala ukuhlukanisa futhi ekugcineni wathola cishe u-1.5 billion.