Umlando wesitayela saseJalimane .
Umlando wesitayela saseJalimane waqala phakathi nekhulu le-XIX. Abaculi baseJalimane ne-Austria, bezama ukuvuselela isitayela se- "Empire", ukuxuba isitayela se "troubadour" nezakhi ze- "Gothic" zakha isitayela se- "Biedermeier." Imvelaphi yesitayela ihlotshaniswa ne-Vienna Congress ka-1815: impi iphelile, futhi abantu bafuna ukubuyela enokuthula, ngokuzithoba, nokulinganisa impilo. Amadoda abuyela ekhaya avela phambili, futhi iYurophu yahlushwa imishado yemishado kanye nokuzalwa kwezingane. Lesi kwakuyisikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwesigaba esiphakathi kanye nesikhathi esizayo sodokotela wasezindlini. Ngaphandle kwefashoni kufika amahholo ngemidwebo yamaqhawe antique nezithombe zemibukiso enezihloko zeBhayibheli - zonke iziqhwaga kanye nama-pathos.
Isici esiyinhloko sezulu .
Isitayela se- "Biedermeier" sifaneleka kakhulu ezindlini, hhayi izindlu. Esikhundleni sesikhala esikhulu siza ukufakwa okuphansi, izingcezu ezincane zefenisha, iphepha lodonga embali, indwangu efudumele. Ukugcizelelwa okuyinhloko kwakuyi-sofa lapho kuzokwakhiwa khona konke okunye: ithebula le-oval, izihlalo ezimbili zezihlalo, incwadi kanye nesigqoko sokugqoka, isisu somntwana - ifenisha evamile yalesi sitayela. Emhlobheni wendlu yaleso sikhathi ifenisha esindayo, ukubunjwa kwe-stucco, amafasitela angenamabala, i-parquet phansi, i-porcelain neyethusi. I-interiors yayinqwabelene kakhulu nezinto ezihlukahlukene ze-sham kanye nefenisha enzima, kamuva ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuvuselelwa kwegciwane".
Ukukhanyisa akukho lutho olungenakuqhathaniswa.
Izisekelo zesitayela sesimanje saseJalimane zafakwa eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye ekhulwini lokugcina ngomdwebi nomdwebi uWalter Gropius nabasebenzi bezikole lobuciko beBauhaus. U-Gropius wasebenza njengabadumile ngaphambi kwe-gardens, njengoKandinsky, Klee noFaininger. Ukuphika okuphelele kokubusa kwe-philistine okuthandayo kanye nokwehlukana kwamanye amazwe kubumbene nabasebenzi beBauhaus. Imisebenzi yabo yayihloswe ekuthuthukiseni izimiso zomhlaba jikelele ekubunjweni kwamafomu athile, okuvamile okwakhiwa kwezakhiwo nezakhiwo. Ukubaluleka okukhulu kwakunamathele ekukhanyeni okuhle kanye nenduduzo enkulu yamakamelo amahle, inhlanganisela ngaphakathi kwezinto ze-geometric kanye nezinhlayiya ze-architecture. Umqondo oyisisekelo wesitayela saseJalimane akuyona into engafaneleki. Ukusebenza, i-constructivism, i-minimalism yizimiso eziyisisekelo zomhlobiso wesiJalimane wendabuko.
Ikhishi.
Ngokuvamile ngesitayela saseJalimane, okokuqala benza ikhikhini. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ikhishi libhekwa njengekhaya nendawo engcwele yomndeni wonke, mhlawumbe kuzo zonke izizwe nezizwe. Ingaphakathi lomlando we-cuisine yaseJalimane ihlukaniswe ngokusebenza kwayo okukhethekile, uzwela kanye nenduduzo. Zonke izakhi zekhishi zikhona ezikhundleni ezilula kunazo zonke nezindawo zomuntu ohlala kuyo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo aziphazamisi nendlu yonke. Ihlanganisa ngokuvumelana umklamo nombala, kanye nokubukeka okumnandi. Umhlobiso wezindonga nephansi, ukukhishwa kwelayili nokukhanyisa kuqinisekiswe induduzo yekhaya nendawo ebanzi.
Ingaphakathi egumbini lokuphumula ngesitayela saseJalimane ibonakala ngefenisha enhle emakamelweni ahlanzekile ahlelekile, umhlobiso wezindonga, amashalofu kanye namatafula ngezithombe zomndeni, ukuhleleka okuphelele nokusebenza kuzo zonke izinto.
Ifenisha.
Ifenisha yokuzivimbela futhi eqinile ifanelana nezixuku eziningi. Ngaphakathi kwesitayela saseJalimane kuqiniswe ngokulingana okujulile, amafomu, ukucacisa ngokucophelela nokuziphatha ngendlela efanele. Isitayela saseJalimane sibheke izihlalo ezihlelekile nezamafasitela, kanye nama-racks kanye nezifuba zabadwebi. Yonke ifenisha iphelele kangangoko kunokwenzeka ekusebenzeni kwayo. Enye yezokugcina - ukuthambekela kwezindlela ezizakhelwe emikhankathini naseminyango yezihlalo zokugcina izihlalo, ezivumela ukuba ziguquke zibe yizikhundla ezihlukene.
Umklamo wegumbi lokulala emakhaya aseJalimane uhlukaniswa nokubonakala kwawo okulula futhi okunamandla. Ifenisha yenziwe ngesitayela sesiJalimane sendabuko. Ikhono lokuhlanganisa ngokuvumelana isikhala nokudala ukubuka okuphelele kwekamelo lokulala eligcinwe kunoma yikuphi ukuhluka kohlelo lweJalimane. Isitayela ekamelo lokulala lihlose ukudala imizwelo emihle nokuphumula okufanele. Ifenisha yenziwe ngokhuni ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwanoma yiziphi izithasiselo zokuhlobisa, inokubukwa okujwayelekile kwendabuko, okuyisici sayo esihlukile.
Izimbali.
Isitayela saseJalimane saphakathi sisekelwe ezimisweni ezijwayelekile, ezihlobene kuphela nokusebenza kanye nomnotho, ukuthuthukisa amakhulu eminyaka. Isebenzisa ubuncane bemincintiswano ehlukahlukene - izibani, izikhumbuzo, imidwebo nezinye izinto, kodwa izesekeli ezinjengezindwangu zokubhekwa kanye nemilenze, ama-bedspreads nama-capes asetshenziswa kakhulu, okuvumela ukuguqula ingaphakathi eliqinile kunombuzo wamaminithi.
Izimbali ziyingxenye ehlotshanisayo yokuhlobisa noma yimuphi umaphakathi waseJalimane. Idizayini ayisebenzisi izimbali kuphela ezigumbini, kodwa futhi izitshalo ezinamanzi ezimbizeni noma izimbiza, ngokuvamile zifakwa efesiteleni lesendlu noma indlu. Ukuhlanganiswa kweso elihle lokuhleleka kwemvelo yemvelo kanye ne-pragmatism yesiJalimane kuyamangalisa, kepha kungakha ingaphakathi elithokozisa kakhulu futhi kubonise uthando olukhulu ngemibala.
Windows.
Ukubaluleka okukhulu esingaphakathi kwesitayela saseJalimane kunikezwa umbono ovela efasiteleni, okungcono ukuvula engadini enhle noma ekhoneni likaGothic. Ezindlini zaseJalimane kukhona ukukhanya okukhulu futhi basebenzisa wonke amathuba ukuvumela endlini ibe ilanga elikhulu. Edumile namuhla, amafasitela amakhulu ophahleni lendlu yezwe asungulwa amaJalimane kuphela. Manje amafasitela ophahleni lendlu ayingqayizivele yaseJalimane.
Ingaphakathi lendlu noma indlu, eyenziwe ngesitayela saseJalimane, ayifanele wonke umuntu. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile ngokuhambisana namasiko aseJalimane kwenziwa, isibonelo, ihhovisi ehostlini eclectic. Kuzoba uhlobo "lwekhoneni laseJalimane" elincane.