Izindawo ezimele zigcinwe ngaphansi kwebhulaki eziphilayo noma ezingavamile, zihlanzekile kusuka kumbuso wokhula kude kumitha eyodwa ukusuka emgqeni wegqa (trunk). Indawo esele emkhatsini wamanzi ingasetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo zemifino, amazambane noma izibungu zomhlaba kuze kube sekuqaleni kwemifino emihle. Eminyakeni elandelayo, indawo evikelayo (umugqa we-barbel) ohlangothini lomqhele uqukethe isimo esingaluthola ukhula.
Ngonyaka wokuqala, akukho ukufaka umquba owengeziwe wezitshalo okudingekayo. Uma lesi sihlahla ngesikhathi sehlobo asizange sihlangane namaqabunga, kodwa sisaphila (njengoba kwenzeka kaningi ngamapheya), kufanele sigcinwe futhi kusize ebusika. Ngonyaka ozayo uzobona ukuthi lesi sitshalo sikhula ngokujwayelekile.
Ngaphambi kokuba inhlabathi ibhaliswe, izihlahla zezithelo ziboshwe noma ziphathwa nge-emulsion ekhethekile. I-harness ivikela izinkuni ekushiseni ilanga. Engxenyeni engezansi, izinto zokugqoka zifafazwe ngenhlabathi ukuze izintonga zingenanga ngaphakathi. Izindawo lapho i-hares isakazeka khona, umuthi uboshwe ngokuphelele noma kuphela ngesitshalo, futhi umqhele uphathwa nge-emulsion. Ungaphonsa ama-baits anobuthi engadini, lokhu kuholela ekufeni kwezinyoni nezilwane eziningi eziwusizo.
Ukulima kwenhlabathi
Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, inhlabathi emigqeni ephakathi kwemigqa nasemgqeni ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-fruiting emihle (kuze kufike eminyakeni engu-5-7) iqukethe isimo esihlanzekile nesihlanzekile sokhula, futhi isivuno sempande seminyaka yokuqala engu-3-4 sigcinwa ngaphansi kwebhulaki eliphilayo. Ngaphansi komcibisholo bayakhipha kalula emzimbeni ngamasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwanguyishumi, umkhawulo womqhele ungamaphesenti ayishumi nesishiyagalombili kuya kwamamitha amabili nambili. Ukuze ugcine ibhali eliseduzane ngaphansi komquba womhlabathi njalo awuhambisani, njengoba kushukumisa ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yezimpande. Esikhathini esizayo, yonke indawo ngaphansi kwezithelo zezitshalo ingasuswa, okungukuthi, utshale ingxube yobuntshani obungapheli, obuhlanganisa i-clover kanye nohlaza utshani. Kusukela ekutsheni utshani, izitshalo ezingenazimpande zinconywa: i-bluegrass, i-meadow utshani, i-fescue, i-ryegrass udlelo, i-burbot, u-timothy utshani ne-wheatgrass engapheli. Ingxube ingaba nezinhlobo ezingu-5-6 zezitshalo. Inhlanganisela yegesi nayo ifanelekile kule njongo. Ehlobo, i-herbage kuze kube sekukhuleni kuya ku-12-15 cm ihlehliswa ngendlela ehlelekile, futhi isisindo sihlala endaweni, okungukuthi, i-sod-humus litter idalwe. Uhlelo lwe-Sod-humus lokuqukethwe kwenhlabathi engadini aluvimbeli izihlahla zezithelo ngesikhathi sokuchelela, kukhuthaza umbala ongcono nokugcina izithelo ngesikhathi sokugcina, kuthuthukisa izimfanelo zabo zokunambitha, kwandisa ukumelana kwezithelo ezifweni.
Umquba womanyolo
Izithelo zezitshalo zibhekene nezindleko zokonga izakhi, eziqukethwe enhlabathini. Uma ukutshala kwezihlahla kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nezincomo, umanyolo ongeziwe awunalo izithelo ezimbili zokuqala ezinhle (kuze kube eminyakeni engu-5-7). Isidingo sokufaka umanyolo singavela uma ukukhula konyaka kwamagatsha amakhulu kanye namasisekelo kungaphansi kuka-40-50 cm. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izitshalo ngesikhathi sokukhula kwehlumela kufanele zondliwe ngamaminerali amaminerali (15-20 g) noma umquba ophilayo ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen (isigamu ibhakede lomquba wezinkukhu lihlanjululwe 8-10 isahlukaniso, imitha ngayinye yesiyingi sesitembu). Izitshalo zifakwa emithonjeni noma emifula, bese ziphuzisa futhi zithukulule inhlabathi. Noma kunjalo, umanyolo we-nitrogen akufanele uthathwe kalula. Ngokuqinisekile, kuzoqinisekisa ukukhula okuhle kwamahlumela, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bayonciphisa ubunzima bebusika. Kulokhu, wonke amahlumela angaphezu kuka-70 cm anciphisiswa ukuze umqhele ungagcini, okungukuthi, uyeka ukukhula okungavamile kokukhiqiza.
Kusukela emhlabathini wezithelo zezithelo zihlukanisiwe izakhi zokudla - izithelo namagatsha anqunywe kancane, uma kungashiswa endaweni futhi akukho mlilo. Izindleko ngetoni ngayinye yezithelo yi-3.0-7.0 kg, i-phosphorus - 1.6-3.0 kg, i-potassium - 4.0-7.5 kg. Ngokuya komkhiqizo, izakhi zisuswe, ion yizinga lokugcwalisa inhlabathi ngamanyolo we-nitrogen kanye ne-phosphorus-potassium, ngokucabangela umthamo wokusetshenziswa kwawo. Uma iziqu ezifakwe emanzini, kudingeke futhi ukuba ucabangele okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen, i-phosphorus potassium kumanyolo eziphilayo. Abaningi abacwaningi baye baqaphela ukusebenza kahle okuncane kwamanyolo wamaminerali ngaphandle kokunisela.
Kunezindlela ezehlukene zokwethula umquba. Kuncike esimweni semifula, indlela eyinhloko yokukhulelwa, izimpande nama-fertilizer foliar kunconywa.
Ngendlela eyisisekelo, umquba wezinto eziphilayo nezamaminerali, umlotha wemifino, izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukugcoba. Kuzo zonke izindawo zengadini, kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa ukukhulelwa nokutshala inhlabathi, okuhlinzeka ukufakwa okujulile kwezimpande emhlabathini, kwandisa ukumelana kwezitshalo ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Ngalo nyaka wesithupha kuya kwesishiyagalombili ohlangothini olulodwa lomugqa ovela emkhakheni womqhele, ngaphandle kwamanzi, umsele uhlanganiswa kuze kube ububanzi nokujula kwamasentimitha angu-40-60. Ingqimba engenhla yenhlabathi igcinwa ngokwehlukana ukusuka ezingxenyeni ezingezansi. Ama-fertilizer e-Potassium akha ama-20-25 amagremu, kanye namanyolo we-phosphorus - ama-10-15 amagremu kumitha ngayinye yekwele. Uma umlotha usungulwa, ama-fertilizer e-potassium anciphisa ngesigamu noma ngokuphelele.
Isilinganiso saminyaka yonke samanyolo we-phosphorus-potassium endaweni yonke yokudla isihlahla sesithelo sanda kathathu futhi sathelwa phezu koqweqwe olungenalutho olunqunywe emfuleni. Lapha kutholakala umquba ophilayo olinganiselwa ku-5-89 kg ngemitha yesigcawu kanye nemithi yokudla (i-lime, i-gypsum, i-ml, njll njll) ezinganini ezingadingekile. Amanyolo we-nitrojeni asetshenziswa ngesilinganiso esingu-20 g ngalinye ngemitha yesikwele. Wonke ama-fertilizer ahlanganiswe kahle nenhlabathi futhi adilizwa emgodini, ingxube emgodleni ihlanganiswe kancane. Ingxenye engaphelele yomsele igcwele izingqimba zomhlabathi. Lokhu kwenziwa ngemuva kokuvuna. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili noma emithathu, olunye uhlangothi lwezihlahla eziningana luphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Ukugqoka okunjalo kunikeza izitshalo ezijwayelekile zokutshala iminyaka engu-5-6. Ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, ukucubungula okufanayo kwenziwa nakwezinye izindawo. Ngakho-ke kancane kancane kukhona ukulima okujulile kwenhlabathi ngaphansi kwezihlahla zezithelo, ukudla okuvamile okujwayelekile kwezitshalo kanye nokusetshenziswa okunamandla kwamanyolo.
Izitshalo zingenziwa ngosizo lwama-hydrodrill (ngendlela esetshenzisiwe), kanye nasemithonjeni eyenziwe ne-crowbar noma izintambo ezikhethekile zensimbi. I-nitrogen fertilizer isetshenziselwa minyaka yonke kuya ekujuleni kuka-15-20 cm. Ngomhlabathi onesihlabathi, kungcono ukuzethula i-fractional: 1/3 yesimiso esabalwa - ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo emva kokuphuma kweqhwa, 1-3 - esigabeni sokukhula okukhulayo kwamahlumela kanye ne-1/3 - emva kokuvuna. Ezindaweni ezinomhlabathi ovundile futhi ohlangene, ingxenye yesilinganiso sokubalwa komanyolo we-nitrogen isungulwa entwasahlobo, enye ingxenye emva kokuvuna. Ngonyaka we-phosphorus-potassium umanyolo wokufaka umquba nomquba, kuhlanganiswa umuthi ogcwele we-nitrogen fertilizer emva kokuvuna. Esikhundleni se-nitrogen, i-grout ingafakwa efomini eliqinile lezinkukhu kanye ne-mullein.
Ngemuva kokuthi kususwe isitshalo, kuyasiza ukukuphatha ngesisombululo se-urea esingu-5-7%. Ukwelashwa okunjalo kuthuthukisa ukondla kwe-nitrogen ekwindla kanye nokunciphisa ukuhlukunyezwa kwabo.
Ukusetshenziswa okungenamaphutha kwamafomu.
Vamurozhaya omuhle!