Wonke umama ufuna ukukhulelwa kwakhe kuqhubekele ngaphandle kwe-pathologies, futhi umntwana wazalwa ngesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, kuyinto evamile ngamacala uma, ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, umsebenzi uyenzeka ngaphambi kosuku olufanele. Kunokuba kungasongela ingane? Ungabhekana kanjani nezinkinga ezilindele umama wengane ngaphambi kwesikhathi? Ingabe lezi zinkinga zingagwenywa? Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nempilo yengane engaphambi kwesikhathi iyinhloko yengxoxo yanamuhla.
Ingane engakazalwa isisindo somzimba esingaphansi kuka 2.5 kg ekuzalweni ibhekwa ingakabi isikhathi. I-World Health Organization iveza izingane ezisencane ngaphambi kokuba zizalwe ngaphambi kwamasonto angu-37 kusukela ngosuku lokuqala lokugcina esikhathini sokugcina. I-malignant ingane engakazalwa isisindo sokuzalwa esingaphansi kuka-1.5 kg. Muva nje, isigaba sesisindo somzimba esiphansi kakhulu sangezwe, esingaphansi kwe-1 kg. Ngaphambili, izingane ezinesisindo esifanayo azizange zisinde.
Kunezinkinga ezimbili ezihlukene ezinganeni zangaphambi kwesikhathi. Omunye wabo ukungafuni kwengane ukuhlala ngaphandle kwesibeletho - ukuthuthukiswa kwezigungu, izicubu ezingafundiwe. Enye inkinga isisindo esincane, okuyinto ukubambezeleka ekuthuthukisweni kwengane. Enkulweni yokuqala yezingane kukhona inkinga enkulu yokudla esikhathini esizayo - abafuni ukudla, kufanele bakhuthazwe njalo, kanti izingane zokugcina zilambile futhi zingenakunyakaziswa, zinesifiso esihle kakhulu. Ngeshwa, akuyona into engavamile ukubeletha ingane ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwesisindo sokuzalwa esincane.
Izingozi zokuhlinzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi
Kunezici eziningana zobungozi bokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi:
- Isigaba saseKesariya, esetshenziselwa izimo zangaphakathi ezingathandeki kakhulu ezinganeni. Lokhu kungabandakanya i-pre-eclampsia noma ukuphazamiseka kwamapayipi. Izinqumo okumelwe zithathwe, okokuqala, ukuhlolwa kwezimo nokuvuthwa kwengane kanye nempendulo yombuzo: "Yimiphi imvelo ephephile kakhulu kwengane - ngaphandle noma ngaphakathi kwesibeletho?". Kuyindaba nje yokufaka ingozi yokulinganisela.
- Ukukhulelwa okulandelanayo ngokuvamile kuholela ekubelethweni ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulelwa okuningi. Lokhu kungabangela ukubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngoba kukhona ukwanda okukhulu kwesibeletho.
- Icala le-classic ukungakwazi ukuthuthukiswa komlomo wesibeletho ngaphambi kokuba ukhulelwe, ukukhulelwa ngaphambi kokuqhekeka kwangaphambi kwezingqimba futhi ekuqaleni kungenabuhlungu ukubeka umlomo wesibeletho. Ngokuvamile kubangela ukubola kwezingcingo zomzimba wesibeletho. Lokhu kuyingozi kumama. Ngengane, ithwala zonke izingozi ezihambisana nentuthuko kanye nempilo yengane engaphambi kwesikhathi.
- Isimo sezomnotho esincane, ukungabi nalutho okwanele noma ukunakekelwa okwanele ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nokudla okungenamsoco kamama - konke lokhu esifubeni kubangelwa ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukubhema nokuphuza utshwala ngokweqile nakho kuyingozi.
- Ukwenqaba i-heroin noma ukunciphisa ngokushesha kwe-methadone esikhathini sokuqala sokukhulelwa kungaholela ekuzalweni ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Abesifazane abahlukumeza izidakamizwa ngaphambi kokukhulelwa kufanele babambelele ngokuqinile embusweni wokunciphisa we-methadone. Ngeke kwenzeke masinyane - kuzombulala nje ingane yakho! I-Cocaine ingabangela nokubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Idala umphumela wokucindezela esibelethweni, okungaba nomthelela omubi emsebenzini we-placenta.
- Izingane ezinesisindo somzimba esincane, njengombuso, zizalwa kwabesifazane abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-17 noma ngaphezulu kuneminyaka engama-35.
- I-bacterium vaginosis iholela ekuzalweni kwezinsana zangaphambi kwesikhathi.
Izici ezihlukile zokuthuthukiswa kwezinsana ezingakabiphi
Umntwana ozelwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi ubonakala "engalungile" ngaphansi kwezimo zangaphandle. Ingane ezalwe ngaphambi kwegama ngokuvamile inamafutha angaphansi kwamancane, futhi isikhumba sakhe sibheka wrinkled. Ingane esanda kusengaphambili ibhekana nezinkinga eziningi, ezikhulunywa nakakhulu uma kwenzeka ukuphuthuma kokuthuthukiswa komntwana.
I-hypothermia iyinhloko ebungozi enkulu, ikakhulukazi uma ingane inamafutha angaphansi kwamancane. Izingane ezingakafiki kunzima ukulawula ukushisa komzimba wakhe. Kulula ukukhipha noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwedlula.
I-hypoglycemia nayo ingozi, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezincane kakhulu ezishiya ngemuva ekuthuthukisweni. Zingabangela futhi i-hypocalcemia. Zombili izimo zingabangela ukugubha, okuyinto futhi, kungaholela ekulimaleni kwengqondo yesikhathi eside.
Ngaphambi kokuba ingane izalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ingozi enkulu yokuthuthukisa ukuphefumula kwesifo somzimba. Ukuthatha omama nge-steroid ngaphambi kokubeletha kunganciphisa ingozi, kodwa kusekhona ngempela. Uma ingane idinga i-oksijeni, udinga ukuqapha ngokucophelela lokhu, ngoba uma izinga lakhe liphakeme kakhulu - ingane engakafiki isetshenziselwa i-fibroplasia nobuphofu.
Izinsana ezingaphambi kokuqala zingenwa yi-jaundice. Isibindi sabo sidinga izimo ezikhethekile zokunakekela nokuthuthukiswa. Okokuqala - ukudla okukhethekile. Izingane ezisengaphambili nazo zinengozi enkulu yokutheleleka kanye nokuqwashiswa kwamathumbu emathunjini. Ziyakwazi ukungena emzimbeni ebuchosheni ngemiphumela emibi esikhathini esizayo.
I-Neonatologists ibhekene nezinkinga ezifanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Into edabukisayo yukuthi ngisho nalapho ingane ekugcineni ikhululwa esibhedlela futhi iya ekhaya nomama, izinkinga azipheli lapho. Ngokuvamile, ziqala nje. Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kokuba leli gama lingalokothi lidlulisele ingane ngaphandle komkhondo. Umbuzo owodwa kuphela ukuthi umonakalo omkhulu kangakanani nokuthi kungakanani umzamo ozodingeka ukuze uvumelane nengane ezweni langaphandle. Ngezinye izikhathi izingane ezingakazalwa, nazo yonke imizamo eyenziwe ochwepheshe, azibandakanyi nentuthuko nempilo yabangane babo abazalwa ngesikhathi esifanele.
Ukusekela abazali
Ngesikhathi ingane isesigceme esithile sokubeletha izingane ezingakafiki - lokhu kuyisikhathi esibuhlungu kakhulu futhi esiyingozi kakhulu kumama nomndeni wonke. Kufanele ukhuthaze futhi uxhasane, futhi uhlale usondelene nengane yakho isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukwelashwa kunzima kakhulu, kodwa kufanele futhi kusekelwe kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ubisi lwebele lungcono kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umntwana, ikakhulukazi ozelwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Abomama, abanikeza uketshezi olwedlula ukwedlula umntwana, kufanele bakhuthaze ukukhiqizwa ubisi esikhathini esizayo. Lapho umntwana ekhula, uzodla kangcono futhi ubisi kuyodingeka ngaphezulu.
Ingane iboshwe ekuqapheliseni kanye nezibhamu ezihamba emzimbeni wakhe. Kuyabisa, kodwa kufanele uhlale uzolile. Ngikholelwa, ingane izwa konke. Ngeshwa, akunakwenzeka njalo ukubamba ingane, kodwa lokhu kufanele kukhuthazwe okungenani ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuzama ukugcina ithemba, abazali kufanele bafunde ukuthi ingane ingafa. Kumelwe ulungele ukwenza izinqumo ezinzima mayelana nemfanelo yokuphila yengane uma ephila. Odokotela abahlale bengalungile ekukhulumisaneni nabazali, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima kakhulu ukwamukela amaqiniso abatshele ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokomzwelo. Ungaxoxa ngesimo sakho nomuntu owazi kahle futhi uthembele. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi wayengumchwepheshe omuhle noma othile angakuleka.
Ukugonywa
Izinsana ezingaphambi kwesikhathi kufanele zivikelwe ngokugoma, njengazo zonke ezinye izingane. Ukuzalwa kokuzalwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa akuyona ukuphikisana nokugoma, ngisho noma isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela singathuthuki ngokwanele. Isikhathi sokugoma sisekelwe esikhathini sokuzalwa kwengane kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, hhayi eminyakeni yobudala, uma ezalwa ngesikhathi.
Izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo nentuthuko kanye nempilo yengane engaphambi kwesikhathi
Izibalo eziphathelene nemiphumela yocwaningo lwezingane ezisencane kufanele zihunyushwe ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala afanayo aqhathaniswa. Intshisekelo kufanele ibalwe ngokucophelela. Kuyacaca ukuthi uma ingane izalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ingozi enkulu yokufa noma ukukhubazeka kwalabo abasinda. Kukhona ukufaka engozini. Uma ingane yakho ingakabi isikhathi esincane futhi encane, enye ingozi ihlanganiswa ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izingane ezingu-300 ezazalwa ngaphambi kwamasonto angu-26 okukhulelwa nangaphambili, zasinda ngesikhathi sokubeletha futhi zafakwa kumawadi ezinganeni. Kulawa, kubalwa izingane ezingu-30 kuphela ezijwayelekile. Bonke abanye bafa ngaphambi kokuzalwa kweminyaka emibili, noma bahlala impilo yokukhubazeka okukhulu. Izingane ezizalwa ngaphambi kwamasonto angama-26 okukhulelwa zine-12% amathuba okuphila iminyaka emibili. Iphesenti elincanyana lezingane liphila ngezinga elikhulu lokukhubazeka.
Ukubona nokuzwa
Izinkinga ezinkulu ezinjenge-cerebral palsy, ukuphuphuthekisa kanye nokuzithulu kungathinta phakathi kuka-10% no-15% wezingane ezingakafiki ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Njalo ingane yesine enesisindo esingaphansi kuka-1.5 kg inezinkinga zomphakathi noma eziphakathi, noma kokubili.
Isisindo sokubeletha esingaphansi kwe-1.5 kg, kanye nokubeletha amasonto angama-33 okukhulelwa, kuholela engozini yokuthuthukiswa kwamaphutha okubuyisa kanye ne-strabismus. Futhi akusekho inqubomgomo esemthethweni yokwelapha nokunakekelwa kwezingane ezinjalo. Nakuba iningi lezingane ezisengaphambili lidala ukuthambekela kwe-retinopathy, ukulimala okukhulu kwenzeka ngokungavamile. Ngokusho kwemiphumela yocwaningo, ama-66% wezingane ezinesisindo esingu-1.25 kg ayengaphansi kwe-retinopathy, kodwa u-18% kuphela ofike esigabeni sesithathu, futhi kuphela u-6% owudinga ukwelashwa.
Intelligence
Izifundo ziye zathinta ukuthuthukiswa kwezingane eziyi-1000 ezazalwa okungenani amasonto angu-15 ngaphambi kwesikhathi (amaviki angu-25 okukhulelwa noma ngaphansi) phakathi nezinyanga eziyishumi zokuqala zika-2009. Kulaba bantwana abangu-308 basinda, abangu-241 bahlolwa ngokuzivocavoca ngokomzimba ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo ezijwayelekile zokuqonda, ulimi, izingcingo nezokukhuluma ezingahlola imiphumela yabo yesikhathi esizayo esikoleni. Kulezi zinsuku, izingane ezingama-40% zinezinkinga zokufunda ezilinganiselwe futhi ezinzima (ngenkathi abafana bebachaphazeleka izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-2 kunamantombazane). Iphesenti yokukhubazeka okunzima, okulinganiselayo futhi okunciphisa yi-22%, i-24% ne-34%. Ukuphefumula okuphelele kwe-cerebral kutholakala ezinganeni ezingu-30, okuyi-12%. Phakathi kwabo kwakunabantwana abanokukhubazeka okukhulu, okwaba nezinyanga ezingu-30. Ngokuvamile, izingane ezingu-86% ezisinda zineziphambeko eziningana ezilinganiselwe futhi ezinzima ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-6.
Ngokwesinye isifundo, ezinganeni ezisencane ngaphambi kwesikhathi, amakhono engqondo ahlaziya kuphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunokuthuthukisa. Ochwepheshe beqhathanisa izingane ezineminyaka engama-8 kuya kwengu-15 futhi bathola ukuthi i-IQ yabo yehla amaphesenti angu-104 kuya kwangu-95, kanti inani labantwana abadinga imisebenzi eyengeziwe landa ngamaphesenti angu-24. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi uma uneminyaka engu-8 kuya kwengu-15, kunciphisa okwenziwe ekuthuthukiseni amaseli we-nerve ezinganeni ezingakabiphi.
Izinkinga zengqondo nezokuziphatha
Izifundo zezingane ezineminyaka engu-7 no-8 ubudala, ezazalwa ngaphambi kwamasonto angu-32, zabonisa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kwanele ukuya esikoleni esiphakeme. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga zingase zifihliwe, ngakho-ke ububanzi bokuhlola busetshenzisiwe. Ukudonsa ukuhamba - inkinga enkulu ebantwaneni abengakazalwa - kwakungokuvamile. Lokhu kwathonya impumelelo yabo esikoleni, ikakhulukazi ababi. Amaphesenti angaba ngu-30 kulawa bantwana aphethwe ukuphazanyiswa ekuthuthukiseni ukubambisana, uma kuqhathaniswa nabalingani nabo. Izingane ezingabanjwanga zikhuthele kakhulu, ziphazamiseka kalula, ziphazamiseka kalula, zihleliwe ngendlela engafanelekile, zihlukumezekile. Ukungabi namandla ngenxa yokuntuleka kokunakekelwa kwatholakala ku-49% wezinsana ezingakafiki.
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho
Ukudlulela ekuthuthukiseni esibelethweni kungabalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchopho bokuqala, okuholela ekutholeni amaphuzu aphansi e-IQ kanye nokwehlisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono. Kubantwana abazalwa ngaphambi kwamasonto angama-33 okukhulelwa, ukwehliswa okukhulu kwevolumu yobuchopho kanye nokwanda okwehlukile ngobukhulu be-skull ngesikhathi sobusha banda.
Ukuthuthukiswa ngokomzwelo nokukhulelwa
Ucwaningo lwezingane ezisencane ezikoleni ezijwayelekile ezazalwa ngaphambi kweviki lama-29 lokukhulelwa zabonisa ukuthi lezi zingane zinezinkinga ezingokomzwelo eziningi, izinkinga zokuhlushwa nokuxhumana nabanye abantwana. Bathi, ngokusho koothisha nabazali, baningi "abaphoqelelwe" futhi bahlekelwa ngemuva kokushona. Naphezu kwalezi zinkinga, ababonisi ukukhathazeka okungathí sina kokuziphatha, njengokuthambekela kokuzibulala, ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma ukucindezeleka.
Ukutadisha kwezinsana ezandulela izingane ezineminyaka engama-19 kuya kwezingu-22 kubonisa ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso banezinga eliphansi lokukhula kunezontanga zabo, bavame ukugula futhi banamathuba okungena emfundo ephakeme.
Indawo ephephile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ingane yisisu somama. Futhi kubalulekile ukuzama kanzima ukuvimbela ukubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nezinkinga ezivela kunoma yikuphi ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kunezimo lapho imvelo ye-intrauterine ingavumeleki kakhulu ukuthi ingane izophepheka ngaphandle. Noma kunjalo, izimo ezinjalo azivamile. Ukunakekelwa kwe-Postpartum kubaluleke kakhulu. Izinkinga zomphakathi nezokufuywayo, ukungondleki komama, kanye nokusetshenziswa kotshwala nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa yizinto ezivame ukubhekana nezingozi. Ukubhema kufanele kumiswe, ukusetshenziswa kweziphuzo ezidakayo kufanele kube okulinganayo kakhulu, ngoba akukho mkhawulo ophansi ophephile kuwo. Ekuqaleni kufanele kube indlela yokuphila enempilo. Kuphela kuleli cala amathuba okubeletha ngaphambi kokuba i-term ihla ngezikhathi eziningana.