Ukuzwela kokucwaningwa kwamabhuku (ubuningi bokuzwa) kunqunywe ubukhulu bomngcele we-audibility. Amahemuhemu avamile uma sizwa inkulumo yokuhlekisayo ekude kwamamitha ayi-6, okhulunyweyo ekude kwamamitha ayi-6. Muva nje, ezweni ngenxa yezizathu ezingavamile, ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa (ukuzithulu) phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ahlukene kuye kwaqashelwa. Ngokwezibalo, abantu abangaphezu kuka-6% banenkinga yokuzwa ngezinga ezihlukahlukene. Ukutholakala okungaqondile kokuphulwa okunjalo, ukwelashwa ngokubambisana nodokotela ngokuvamile kuholela ekulahlekelweni okuncane noma okuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ukuzwa ukukhubazeka ezinganeni nezindlela zokulungiswa kwazo kuyisihloko sengxoxo yanamuhla.
Uma sikhuluma ngomuntu omdala, isithulu sinamandla okulinganiselwe okusebenza, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukukhubazeka okuphelele, ubunzima bokuxhumana nabantu. Okubaluleke nakakhulu yiziphumo zokulahlekelwa ukuzwa kwezingane ezincane. Kumele bafunde ukukhuluma kahle, ukulingisa lokho abakuthola kubantu abadala. Yingakho ukuzwa okuhle kungenye yezimiso ezidingekayo zokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kwengane evamile. Ingane engakwazi ukuzwa kahle ivame ukumelana nezingane zakhe ngokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo, ibhekene nobunzima ngokufunda esikoleni, ngokuqinisekisiwe ishushiswa ubunzima ngokuxhumana, ngokuzikhethela umsebenzi.
Yini ebangela ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa?
Odokotela bahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhubazeka kokuzwa ezinganeni: izithulu zizalwa futhi zitholakale. Izimbangela eziholela ekulahlekelweni kokuzwa, okuningi kakhulu, futhi okuhluke kakhulu:
• izindikimba zangaphandle zengxenyana yangaphandle yokucwaningwa kwamabhuku kanye nama-plug sulfur;
• Izifo zesikhumba esiswini nasopharynx (i-adenoids, i-rhinitis enesifo esibucayi nesifo esingapheliyo, i-sinusitis, i-pollinosis, ukuvuthwa kwe-septum ekhaleni);
• Izifo ezivuvukalayo nezingezona ukuvuvukala zelwelwesi kanye nethubhu yokuhlola;
• i-traumas yomsele wangaphandle wokuhlola kanye ne-tympanum;
• Ezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo eziholela ekulahlekelweni kokuzwa;
• izifo ezithathelanayo nezimo;
• Izifo ze-obscheomaticheskie (isifo sikashukela, izinso, igazi, njll), okungahle kuguqule ukuzwa;
• ukusebenzisa ama-antibiotic athile (i-neomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, i-monomycin, njll), kanye nezinye izidakamizwa;
• i-pathology yefa;
• Impumelelo yomsindo wezimboni, izindlu nezokuthutha, ukudlidliza;
• ukuphazamiseka kwemisipha;
• ukudakwa (carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, njll);
• ukusebenzisa isikhathi eside amakhrofoni endlebe;
• izinguquko eziningana ezihlobene nobudala ezinendleni yangaphakathi nasendlini ephakathi kwensiza yokuzwa, njll.
Indlela yokubona ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa?
Ukusabalala kwezifo ezihamba phambili ezihambisana nokukhubazeka kokuzwa kudinga ukuxilongwa ngesikhathi esifanele kanye nokutholakala kwezindlela zokucwaninga ezithembekile. Namuhla ukuqashelwa kokulahlekelwa kokuzwa kwenziwa:
• ngendlela ye-tonal audiometry - uma izingqimba ze-audibility zilinganiswa ngezikhathi ezahlukene;
• ukusebenzisa i-audiometry yenkulumo-ukukhomba iphesenti yenkulumo ezwakalayo;
• ngosizo lwefoloji yokuhlela - le ndlela yasendulo ayizange ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo ngisho nasezinsukwini zethu.
Izindlela zokulungisa ukukhubazeka kokuzwa ezinganeni
Ukwelashwa kwesithulu kunzima nanamuhla. Ngokuqondene nemisebenzi yamanje yokuthuthukiswa kwamabhuku, isebenza kahle kuphela ngezithulu ezibangelwa i-otosclerosis, i-azithric otitis media, i-chronic purulent otitis media kubantwana abanokukhubazeka kokuzwa, okutholwa kuqala. Mayelana nokwelashwa kwe-neuro-sensory loss of hearing, umuthi awuzange wenze izinyathelo ezinzulu eminyakeni yamuva, futhi ukwelashwa kwe-neuritis yezinzwa zokuhlola akuhlali ngempumelelo.
Udokotela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka!
Isayensi iye yafakazela futhi yazijwayeza isiqinisekisile ukuthi ukukhubazeka kwezinzwa ezinganeni kufanele kutholakale ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila ukuze kuqhutshwe imisebenzi yokuvuselela nokubuyisela ezikhathini ezibucayi zokuthuthukiswa kokuzwa nokukhuluma. Enye yezindlela ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu namuhla ukuzwa ukulungisa ngokusiza usizo lokuzwa.
Emashumini eminyaka adlule edlule, lapho ikhwalithi yezinsiza zokuqala zokuzwa ezishiya okuningi, iziguli zazicabanga ukuthi ziyingozi. Ngempela, lawo madivaysi aphikisayo kakhulu umsindo, wenza umsindo, awukwazi ukushintshwa ngokusho kwezici zomuntu ngamunye. Nokho, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi isayensi iye yathatha isinyathelo phambili. Namuhla, usizo lokuzwa yilona idivaysi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ye-microelectronic yekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu, ekhokhelwa ngokuphumelelayo cishe noma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa kokulalela. Ngayo yonke imikhakha ehlukahlukene, kungenzeka ukwenza inqubo yokukhethwa kokuqala kwezixhobo ngokunemba okwanele. Ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezici zayo ze-amplitude-frequency, izinga eliphezulu lokukhulisa nokuqonda komsindo kunikeziwe.
Insiza yamuva yokuzwa iqukethe imakrofoni ezwayo futhi iguqule imisindo ejikelezayo ibe yizibonakaliso zikagesi, i-amplifier electronic, ukulawula ivolumu neyethoni, umthombo wamandla (ibhetri noma iseli) kanye nomakhalekhukhwini oguqula izibonakaliso zamandla kagesi zibe izibonakaliso ze-acoustic.
Izinsiza zokuzwa ezikhethiwe kahle zikwazi ukufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwezimpucuko zokuzwa. Kubonakala sengathi uqeqesha abahlaziyi abacwaningayo, kuhlanganise neminyango yabo ephakathi kwe-cortex ye-cerebral, futhi kuphela kuletha inzuzo kumntwana.
Ungakhetha kanjani usizo lokuzwa ingane?
Ngaphambili ingane encane yokuzwa inethuba lokusebenzisa usizo lokuzwa, kungcono. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuthi udokotela athole ukukhubazeka kokuzwa, abazali kufanele baxhumane ngokushesha nochwepheshe wezinzwa futhi bathole ukubonisana ekamelweni lokuzwa i-anesthesia. Akunakwenzeka ukuhlehlisa leli bhizinisi isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwengqondo yokuthi umntwana usemncane, udinga ukukunika kancane ukukhula.
Isinyathelo sokuphoqeleka sokuthuthukiswa kwenkulumo emntwaneni onokuzwa okujwayelekile kuyinkathi yokucabanga kwakhe okungahambi kahle, lapho ingane ingalalela kuphela kodwa ingakhulumi. Isikhathi esifanayo sinezinyanga ezingu-18 kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kanti odokotela bathiwa "iminyaka yokuzwa". Uma ukuzwa kwengane kucindezelekile, ngeke akwazi ukuhlukanisa futhi akhumbule izingxenye ezithile zezakhi zenkulumo futhi ekugcineni ayeke ukuphendula kuso. Kulesi simo, ukunyamalala ngokuphelele kwama-debris angasetshenzisiwe angasetshenziswa. Ukuze uvimbele lokhu, udinga ukwandisa ivolumu yenkulumo ngosizo lwe-hearing hearing ukuze unike ingane ithuba lokuyiqonda ngokujwayelekile.
Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izingane ezikhubazekile ezikhonjelwayo eziboniswa izinsiza zokuzwa. Awukwazi, isibonelo, ukuwasebenzisa ngezifo ezithile ze-psychoneurological (isibonelo, ngesithuthwane noma izifo ezixubileyo), uma kunezifo ezitholakala ezindlini zokuzwa futhi zenze ukwephulwa komsebenzi we-vestibular, kanye nokuba khona kwezinqubo zokuvuvukala endlebeni, njll. Lo mbuzo unqunywa udokotela kuphela.
Usizo lwezindlebe lukhethwe ngabanye ngabantwana abangezwa kahle, ngokucabangela izici zalo kanye nedatha yokuhlola ye-audiometric. Into eyinhloko ukuthi idivayisi isiza umntwana ukuba aqaphele ukuqonda kwenkulumo ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ngokugcwele.
Yizwani umsindo wezwe
Uma kwenzeka izinkinga zokuzwa ezinganeni, izindlela zokulungiswa kwazo zingase zihluke. Ochwepheshe bacebisa usizo lokuzwa izingane ngokusizwa amadivaysi amabili - okuthiwa yi-binaural prosthetics. Kwenza kube lula ukunquma ukuqondiswa komsindo, okubaluleke kakhulu - ingane idinga ukwazi ukuthi ukuthutha kungavela kuphi, lapho umuntu ebiza khona, njll.
Ukuhlelwa kokuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yolwazi olungenayo kuphela uma kukhona "abamukeli" abalinganayo. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yezifundo eziningi, kutholakala ukuthi, ngenxa ye-binaural prosthetics, izingane zihlukanisa kangcono imisindo ezungezile futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, inkulumo yomuntu.
Ingane idinga okuthiwa yi-earmold yomuntu ngamunye (IVF), ngoba okujwayelekile, okusetshenziswe ngabantu abadala, akuhambisani. I-IPM ingakwazi ukuphindaphinda ngokuphelele umjikelezo womngcwabo wezintambo wengane, ohlinzeka ngokulungiswa, okunethezekile nokuthembekile endlebeni. Ubuchwepheshe besikhathi samanje benza kube lula ukwenza izinto ezincane ezihlukahlukene ezithintekayo. Futhi uma kungekho i-IPM, kungase kube nokunciphisa okungenani umphumela wezinsiza zokuzwa, ngisho noma usizo lwezindlebe luyimfanelo ephakeme kakhulu.
Abazali kufanele baqonde futhi baqaphele ukuthi usizo lokuzwa lwaklanyelwe ukuba luhlangane njalo nengane enendlebe. Idivayisi kufanele igqoke ngokushesha, njengoba ivuka ekuseni, ingasuswa ngesikhathi sosuku futhi ngaphambi kokuba ilale ukuze ihlukane nayo. Kule ndlela kuphela ingane izobe nethuba lokujwayela amadivaysi, ukuze ufunde ukuthi ungayisingatha kanjani kahle. Kulesi simo, idivayisi izoba umsizi weqiniso womuntu okhulayo.