Ihlaziya ngokusungulwa kobunikazi

Kuyini ukusungulwa kobunikazi?

Ukusungulwa kobuhlobo kuyisifundo sezokwelapha, imiphumela yaso esivumela ukuba siphethe ngokuthi lo muntu uyindodana yomntwana ophilayo.

Ukunqunywa kukababa kuyini?

Okokuqala, bazama ukukhipha ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lo muntu ungubaba wengane yomntwana. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngegazi lomntwana, unina kanye nobaba osolwayo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezimpawu zamaqembu egazi

Iqembu legazi (A, B, AB noma i-O) ne-Rhesus factor lizuzwa njengefa ngokulandela iphethini eliqinile. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izimo, ukwelashwa kwemvelo kungasuswa kakade ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuyona nje iqembu legazi neR Rh factor elihlolwe, kodwa futhi nezinye izakhiwo zeqembu elithile legazi.

Okokugcina, ukuhlolwa kwama-erythrocytes, ama-enzyme kanye nama-protein amaningi ajikeleza nge-plasma yegazi nawo futhi kwenzeka ngokugcina izikhathi ezithile. Uma kutholakala ukuzala, ukuhlukana okuhlukile ku-DNA nakho kuhlolwe. Okubaluleke nakakhulu yizindawo ze-leukocyte, ezizuzwa njengefa. I-muzzle yilapho ebusweni be-leukocyte kwakungenzeka ukubeka khona ama-antigens athile okubalulekile e-system immune system.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-antigens ama-leukocytes omama nobaba, kungenzeka ukuthi unqume ukuthi kukhona izincwadi ezikhona. Le ndlela yokuphenya iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ikuvumela ukuba uthole ulwazi olunembile kunokutadisha amaqembu egazi. Lapho kusungulwa ukubeletha, i-chromosomes yeziguli nazo ziqhathaniswa (zisebenzisa amazinga abizwa ngokuthi ama-allelic ladders). Kulesi simo, i-genetic code yama-chromosomes inikeza ulwazi olunokwethenjelwa.

Ukunquma isikhathi sokukhulelwa

Ulwazi oluthe xaxa lungatholakala lapho uthola isikhathi sokukhulelwa. Kulesi simo, ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi sobudala kanye nesiteji sokuthuthukiswa kwe-fetus kuzama ukusungula usuku lokukhulelwa njengoba kungenzeka. Ngakho-ke, umgomo owengeziwe (kodwa hhayi njalo onokwethenjelwa) utholakele.

Amandla okutshala

Yiqiniso, kubalulekile ukucabangela ikhono lomuntu lokutshala. Ukuthembeka kwezindlela zokusungula ubuso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela kwenza kube nzima ukubeka eceleni ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubaba usuphelile ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, uma kwenzeka umphumela wokuhlola omuhle, impendulo yesicelo ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubuso bomuntu bukhona. Ngakho-ke, amathuba okuba nesibindi anqunywa ngesisekelo sezindlela zokubala. Muva nje, lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kubalwe ngokunembile ukuthi ubuhlobo bomuntu cishe kungenzeka ukuthi buqiniseke.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-anthropological of the heredity
Namuhla, ekusungulweni kobunikazi, le ndlela yokucwaninga ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu. Isimiso sale ndlela siqhathanisa idatha yangaphandle, isibonelo, amehlo, umbala wezinwele, ukuma kwesimo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwefa lamaqembu egazi ohlelweni lwe-ABO

Iqembu legazi (A, B, AB noma i-O) lizuzwa njengezimiso eziqinile. Kunezinhlanganisela ezinhlanu zamaqembu egazi kababa-umama, lapho ingane ingenakusho khona ukuthi lo muntu akayena uyise. Khona-ke kunesidingo sezinye izindlela zokusungula ubaba.
Ukuhlolwa kwegazi:
Eyokuqala yincazelo yehlobo lwegazi
Okwesibili - amaprotheni ama-plasma ase-Hereditary
Okwesithathu - Uhlelo lwe-enzyme olulandelwe
I-Fourth - i-leukocyte antigens
Okwesishiyagalolunye - umzuzu wokukhulelwa, ukubalwa kwezibalo ze-biological of the possibility of fatherhood, ukuhlolwa kwe-anthropological of the characteristics inherited, ikhono lokutshala.