Umama okhungathekileko ubuchwepheshe bokubeletha obusizo, lapho owesifazane avuma ukukhuthazela khona bese ebeletha ingane engeyona eyimvelo kuye. Khona-ke umntwana osanda kuzalwa udluliselwa emfundweni eyengeziwe kwabanye abantu - abazali bakhe bokuzalwa ngokoqobo.
Ngokomthetho, bazobhekwa njengabazali balo mntwana. Ngezinye izikhathi umama wokubeletha kuthiwa uma kwenzeka owesifazane ekhulelwa ngumuntu onokudluliselwa kwengane kule ndoda ngokwakhe nomkakhe (uma eshada). Kulesi simo, umama wokubeletha naye ungumama wofuzo lomntwana.
Imibuzo yomlando
Umama wokuzijabulisa unamakhulu amaningi. Ngisho naseRoma lasendulo, ukufisa ukuthola amadoda wanikeza abesifazane babo abasha "ukuqasha" emibhangqwaneni engenabantwana. Ingane ezalwe ngumama onjalo "oqashiwe" kamuva yaba ingane esemthethweni yalesi sibhangqwana eshadile. Izinsizakalo zowesifazane obeletha zazikhokhelwa ngokukhululekile.
AmaJuda asendulo asecebile, abafazi abangenabumba basebenzisa izinsizwa ezazisetshenziselwa ukuzala izingane ezivela kumyeni wale wesifazane. Owokuqala ekuzalweni kwengane ezandleni zakhe ngokushesha wathatha umfazi wezomthetho, ebonisa ilungelo lakhe ngokuphelele kwengane.
Intuthuko yezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kanye nenqubo yokukhululwa kwabafazi kwabeletha izindlela ezintsha zokuxazulula inkinga yokungazalwa komndeni. Umqondo wanamuhla othi "umama wokubeletha" uhlobene ngokuqondile nobuchwepheshe bokufaka umquba wokufakelwa. Namuhla izinto eziphathelene nezakhi zofuzo zithathwe kokubili abazali bezakhi zofuzo (hhayi nje kuphela kumyeni, njengoba kwakungaphambili) futhi "uhlala" emzimbeni "wemvelo" engokwemvelo - umzimba womama okhethiwe.
Isibonelo sokuqala sokuphumelela kokuzalwa komama saziwa ngo-1980. Umama wokuqala oneminyaka engu-37 ubudala u-Elizabeth Kane, indodakazi enkulu eneminyaka engu-37 ubudala. Owesifazane oyinyumba waphothula isivumelwano no-Elizabeth, ngokusho ukuthi yikuphi ukuqothulwa kwamakhemikhali okwenziwe nge-sperm yomyeni wakhe. Ngemva kokubeletha, uK Kane wathola umvuzo wemali. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Elizabeth Kane wayenabantwana abathathu.
Izinkinga zokuziphatha
Kukhona abaningi abaphikisana nomama wokubeletha emhlabeni wonke, bekhuluma ngokushintsha izingane zibe uhlobo lomkhiqizo. Ngokombono wabesifazane, lo mkhuba usho ukuxhashazwa kwebesifazane ngokubanzi njengama-"incubators" abangenawo amalungelo nokuzikhethela. Izibalo zenkolo zibona ukuziphatha okubi okubhubhisa ubungcwele bezibopho zomshado nomndeni.
Kukhona futhi (okulungile) ukuthi ukwesaba ukuthi abanye besifazane abazokhulelwe ngenxa yentshisekelo yomunye umndeni bangase bahlukunyezwe ngokwengqondo ngesidingo sokuyeka ingane yokukhulisa. Kwenzeka ukuthi ingane iba "eyakhe" ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ngisho noma okokuqala kubonakala kumama wokubeletha ukuthi angakwazi ukuhlukanisa nomntwana kalula. Lokhu kungaba yinkinga kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zesivumelwano, ngoba akekho izwe elinomthetho ophoqa owesifazane ukuba abelethe ingane abelethile. Imibhangqwana eminingi ishaqeka (ngokwengqondo nangokwezimali), ikhokhela konke ukukhulelwa owesifazane, imgcine manje, imnike konke ayifunayo, bese ihlala ingenayo ingane.
Izinkinga zomthetho
Imithetho ehlose ukulawula umama wokubeletha ihlukahluka ngezwe. Ngakho-ke, eJalimane, eFrance, eNorway, e-Austria, eSweden, kwamanye amazwe ase-United States, kusho ukuthi umama oneminyaka engu-50 ubudala uyaxoshwa. Kwamanye amazwe kuphela umama ongenazo zokuthengisa (wokuzikhethela nokungahlawulwanga) ovunyelwayo - kuhulumeni wase-Australia waseVictoria, eBrithani, eDenmark, eCanada, e-Israel, eNetherlands nakwamanye amazwe ase-US (iVirginia neNew Hampshire). EGrisi, eBelgium, eSpain naseFinland, umama wokubeletha awulawulwa umthetho, kodwa empeleni kwenzeka njalo.
Okokugcina, emazweni amaningana, umama wokubeletha, kokubili ama-royalty free and commercial, kungokomthetho. Lena inombolo enkulu ye-US, i-Russia, iNingizimu Afrika, i-Kazakhstan, i-Belarus ne-Ukraine. Umzuzwana obalulekile ekuphetheni kwesivumelwano esisemthethweni sokuzalwa komama wokubeletha - kungakanani amaqembu ayo awazi zonke izingozi ezingenzeka.