I-chromosome engama-46 ethathwe yisidoda esinquma ubulili: uma i-X chromosome, intombazane izozalwa uma u-Y engumfana. Kodwa akuzona zonke izinto ezilula ngisho nasesiteji sokuthuthukiswa, lapho amangqamuzana angabalwa eminwe. Abantu abaningi bavela emhlabeni abangenawo ama-chromosomes athile noma abanama-chromosomes engeziwe. Ubulili besilisa nabasilisa bemvelo badlala indima ebalulekile yezofuzo.
Ochwepheshe bathi ikholi ye-polysemy ye- pathology . Okuvame kakhulu ukuhlaziywa kwe-chromosome eyodwa ye-X kumadoda: kuphuma kubafana abangu-1 000, ababili kuya ku-3 bazalwa nayo. Banciphise ukukhiqizwa kwe testosterone. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kubangela ukungabi nabantwana, ngezinye izikhathi - ekubukeni kwezici zobunikazi zesibili ngohlobo lwesifazane, kodwa ngokuvamile umnikazi we-chromosome "eyengeziwe" akakwazi ngisho nokusola ngakho. Kukhona nabesifazane abangenayo i-X-chromosome yesibili - ebusheni, basuke bekhulile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwabo kusuka kontanga - noma kubonakala bengenakuqhathaniswa.
Ngokwezibalo ze- biologist waseMelika u-Anne Fausto-Sterling, abantu abangu-1.7% bazalwa ngezici zobulili ezixutshwe - kubonakala sengathi bambalwa, kodwa kubonke bangabantu abayizigidi.
I-Fausto-Sterling ibizwa enye yemisebenzi yayo ethandwayo "Ubulili Abahlanu: Kungani ukuhlukaniswa kwaba ngamadoda nabesifazane kungaphelele." Ngokombono wakhe, ngaphandle kwabesilisa nabesifazane, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa i-hermaphrodites, lapho izimpawu zombili zobulili zihlukaniswa ngokulinganayo (herm), noma nge-predermance yemisebenzi yemerm (imerm) noma yezempi (ferm). Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona lezi "ezingaphezulu" njalo: isibonelo, odokotela basendulo ababengazi lutho ngama-chromosomes, bakholelwa ukuthi esibelethweni sabesifazane kukhona amakamelo amathathu - ngokuzala abafana abahlukene, amantombazane kanye nama-hermaphrodites. Ubulili besilisa nabasilisa bemvelo babhekwa njengabantu bonke, kodwa ngaphandle kwabantu - ama-hermaphrodites.
Nokho, ngisho ngaphandle kokudideka kwe-chromosomal , ukuzimisela ngokocansi kuyinkqubo ende. Ukwenziwa kocansi kwenzeka ezinyathelweni eziningana, kanti izinkinga zingenzeka ngalunye. Ngaphandle kobulili bofuzo, i-gonadal (eyakhiwe esiteji sokuhlukaniswa kwamagonads - izitho zobulili zangaphakathi), i-hormonal (kuye ngokuthi imvelo ye-hormonal kanye ne-predrogance ye-androgens noma i-estrogens), i-somatic (enqunywe yizici zangaphandle zobulili) kanye nomphakathi (obhalwe ngesitifiketi sokuzalwa nezinye izincwadi).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi bakhuluma ngensimu yengqondo - ukuqwashisa komuntu ngokuthi uyindoda noma owesifazane, noma isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esinezici ezithile. Besebenzisa ilungelo elifanayo, banquma ukushintsha ubulili (somatic kanye ne-hormonal, kanye ne-civil) esithandanayo ukuze kuhambisane nomzimba nokuziqhenya kwangaphakathi.
Amathenda wethenda
Kungani ithuba lokunquma ngokuzimela, ukuba indoda noma owesifazane, livele maduzane? Mhlawumbe, ngezizathu ezimbili ezihlobene. Okokuqala, ukuguqulwa komthamo womndeni nokuguguleka kancane kancane kwezindima zomphakathi zamadoda nabesifazane. Okwesibili, ukuqothulwa komzimba kanye nokubeletha komama, okungekho ukukhulunywa ngomuntu, kuvumela ukuthi umndeni uphinde ugcwalise abesifazane abashadile kanye nemibhangqwana yobulili obufanayo. Ubulili akusekho "isiphetho esinqunyiwe ngaphambili," njengoSigmund Freud wabhala. Sinethuba lokukhetha imodeli yokuziphatha ebonakala ikhululekile kithi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhekwa ngokuthi "owesilisa" noma "owesifazane." Futhi nansi olunye uhlobo lwezocansi - ubulili bezenhlalo, noma ithenda. Ubulili besilisa nabasilisa bemvelo kubaluleke kakhulu.
Amathenda afaka isethi yokuziphatha okuvela emadodeni nakwabesifazane: "ubukhulu" noma "ubufazi" ngencazelo ecacile lala magama. Izinkolelo zothando zihlukahluka ngokuya kwemizwelo ehlala emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, emibuthanweni ehloniphekile yaseYurophu yekhulu le-18, umqondo wobuningi awuhlangananga nje kuphela ikhono lokuqonda inkemba, kodwa futhi ukushisa emkhakheni wezimonyo namafutha. Ngaphandle kokuqaphela, ama-Amazons amasha yanamuhla angashintsha ukuziphatha kwabo ngokobulili izikhathi eziningana phakathi nosuku: esesitimeleni semoto emgwaqweni womgwaqo noma emhlanganweni osebenzayo abonisa izimpawu ezihlukile kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi "ezingenakuqhathaniswa", kunokuba abe salon beauty noma ekuhambeni nengane. Kodwa-ke, esikhathini esidlule sekungabaza ukuthi ukuhlukumeza kanye negunya liyingxenye ebalulekile "yobuningi", futhi "ubuntombi" bubumnene nokuqina.
Kukhona futhi isilinganiso esiphezulu se-social sex - bigender. Kuyinto enhle kubantu abazizwa njengabantu, njengowesifazane, futhi, ngokufanayo, ukushintsha ukuziphatha, indlela yokukhuluma ngisho nelexicon. Phakathi kwamantombazane amancane, ikakhulukazi abameleli be-subcultures engakahleleki, ungahlangana nalabo abakhuluma ngokwabo emasimini ("Ngathi", "ngahamba"), ngingabi yi-transvestites noma ama-lesbians. I-bigenderry yowesifazane kunalokho igcizelela ukuthi asikho ngokuphelele emphakathini wezinzalamizi: "Ukuzama ukukhuluma nokuziphathisa njengesondo esiqinile, abesifazane bazikhethele ukuthi bazibandakanya kanjani, ikakhulukazi emphakathini wezinzalamizi."
Sifunda izindlela zokuziphatha ngokobulili ebuntwaneni lapho siqaphela ubulili bethu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukufunda kuqala ngezici ezivela embonweni wabazali bethu, abafana noma amantombazane: imoto yokuqala yokudlala, eyesibili - ngamadonki, owokuqala akufanele akhale, okwesibini - alwe ... Kodwa ngaphandle kokusakazwa kobulili ngamazwi, abazali bakhulisa izingane zabo siqu isibonelo izingane zifunda ngokushesha: "Njengoba umama nobaba beziphatha ngale ndlela, kusho ukuthi kulungile." Emva kwakho konke, umama omelele umntwana ngumfanekiso womfazi ofanelekayo, kanye noyise womuntu ofanelekayo.
Ubunikazi bama-lesbians bungakhiwa kanjani? Amantombazane anjalo avame ukukhulelwa emndenini oqukethe unina onamandla nobaba obuthakathaka, futhi uthola imodeli efana nohlobo olulodwa. Emva kwalokho, bangazama ukuxhumana nabesilisa, kodwa njengoba badlulisela imodeli abayifunayo ebuntwaneni babo ebuhlotsheni babo, bavame ukukhetha abalingani abafanayo ukuthi uyise ukhona futhi badumala ngamadoda ajwayelekile. Singakwazi ukuqonda okuningi ngathi kanye nemibono yethu ngesimo sengqondo sobulili, uma sikhumbula ukuthi yiziphi izenzo esaboniswa ngubaba nomama, noma abanye abantu abadala abalulekile.
Eqinisweni , cishe noma yikuphi ukuziphatha okuphuma emibhalweni yokuthi "owesilisa" nethi "wesifazane" kungabizwa ngokuthi "owesilisa wesithathu" - futhi ukubonakaliswa kwayo kungaphezu kwalokho kungase kubonakale. I-Modernity ayifuni ukuba "sibe ngabesifazane" njalo ngomzuzwana. Ngokuvamile kudingeka sibe ngabantu abanjalo. Izwe lihamba phambili ekuqapheliseni umhlaba ukuthi into esemqoka ayikho emkhatsini wemilenze yakho, kodwa yini phakathi kwezindlebe zakho.