Umzimba wethu ungafaniswa nedolobha elikhulu. Amaseli ahlala kuwo ngezinye izikhathi ahlala "emindenini", ekwakheni izitho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, elahlekile phakathi kwabanye, abuyele (njengoba, isibonelo, amasosha omzimba omzimba). Ezinye ziyizibopho zomzimba futhi azikaze zishiye isiphephelo sazo, ezinye zihamba futhi azihlali endaweni eyodwa. Zonke zihlukile, ngayinye enezidingo zayo, umlingiswa kanye nombuso. Phakathi kwamaseli kukhona imizila encane nezinkulu zokuthutha - izitsha zegazi nezethempeli. Njalo yesibili emzimbeni wethu, izigidi zezenzakalo zenzeka: othile noma into ephula impilo enokuthula yamaseli noma abanye babo bakhohlwa ngemisebenzi yabo noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, bayashiseka kakhulu. Futhi, njenganoma yiliphi i-megalopolis, ukuze kugcinwe ukuhleleka, ukuphathwa okusemandleni kuyadingeka lapha. Siyazi ukuthi i-executive executive yethu iyisimiso sezinzwa. Futhi isandla sakhe sokunene yisimiso se-endocrine (ES).
Ngokuhlelekile
I-ES ingenye yezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ezingaqondakali zomzimba. Kuyinkimbinkimbi ngoba iqukethe izinhlayiya eziningi, okuyilowo nalowo angakhipha kusukela kumunye kuya kuma-hormone ahlukene, futhi ulawula umsebenzi wenani elikhulu lezitho, kuhlanganise nezinhlayiya ze-endocrine ngokwabo. Ngaphakathi kwesistimu kukhona ubukhulu obukhethekile obuvumela ukuthi ulawule ngokuqinile ukusebenza kwawo. Ukungaqondakali kwe-ES kuhlotshaniswa nobunzima bezinqubo zokulawulwa nokubunjwa kwama-hormone. Ukuze uhlole umsebenzi wawo, kudinga ubuchwepheshe obunqenqemeni. Indima yamahomoni amaningi ayikacaci. Futhi siqagela nje ngokukhona kwabanye, nakuba kungakabonakali ukucacisa ukubunjwa kwawo namaseli ahlukanisa nabo. Yingakho i-endocrinology - isayensi ehlola amahomoni kanye nezitho ezibakhiqizayo - kubhekwa njengenye yezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezidingo zezokwelapha futhi ezithembisa kakhulu. Njengoba sesiyiqonde injongo ngqo kanye nezinqubo zomsebenzi wezinto ezithile, singathonya izinqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni wethu. Phela, ngenxa yamahomoni, sizalelwa, zakha umqondo wokukhanga phakathi kwabazali besikhathi esizayo, sinqume isikhathi sokwenziwa kwamaseli ocansi kanye nesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Zishintsha izimpilo zethu, zithonya isimo sengqondo nomlingiswa. Namuhla, siyazi ukuthi izinhlelo zokuguga nazo zilawulwa yi-ES.
Abalingiswa ...
Izitho ezakha i-ES (i-thyroid gland, izigulane ezinjenge-adrenal, njll) yizinhlangano zamaseli akwezinye izitho noma izicubu, namaseli ngabanye ahlakazekile ezindaweni ezahlukene. Umehluko phakathi kwezingqungquthela ze-endocrine kusuka kwabanye (abizwa ngokuthi izigulane ze-exocrine) yilokho okwakuqala ukufihla imikhiqizo yabo - ama-hormone - ngqo egazini noma e-lymph. Ngenxa yalokhu kuthiwa yizicathulo zokuvimba kwangaphakathi. Futhi i-exocrine - ku-lumen yalesi sitho noma isitho (ngokwesibonelo, isikhumba esikhulu kakhulu se-exocrine - isibindi - sibeka imfihlakalo yaso-bile - singene ku-lumen ye-gallbladder futhi singene emathunjini) noma ngaphandle (isibonelo - izinyembezi zokubamba). Izithobezi ze-Exocrine zibizwa ngokuthi izigulane zokuzimela kwangaphandle. Ama-hormone yizinto ezingasebenza emaqenjini azizwayo (abizwa ngokuthi amaseli ahlosiwe), ezishintsha izinga lezinqubo zokuqubuzana. Ukukhululwa kwama-hormone ngqo egazini kwenza i-EC inzuzo enkulu. Ukufeza umphumela, kuthatha imizuzwana embalwa. I-hormone iya ngqo emzimbeni wegazi, osebenza njengezokuthutha futhi uvumela ngokushesha ukuletha izinto ezifanele kuzo zonke izicubu, ngokungafani nesiginci sezinzwa esasakazwa ngamagundane wezinzwa futhi, ngenxa yokuphuka noma ukulimala, angeke ifinyelele umgomo wabo. Uma kwenzeka ama-hormone, lokhu akukenzeki: igazi eliketshezi lithola kalula ukusebenza uma imithi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ivinjiwe. Ezingxenyeni namaseli lapho umlayezo we-ES uhloswe khona, wamukelwa, ama-receptors abona ukuthi i-hormone ethile ikhona kuwo. Isici se-endocrine system ikhono layo 'lokuzizwa' ukuhlushwa kwamahomoni ahlukahlukene futhi ukulungisa. Futhi inani labo lincike eminyakeni, ubulili, isikhathi sosuku nonyaka, ubudala, isimo sengqondo somzimba ngisho nemikhuba yethu. Ngakho i-ES ibeka isigqi kanye nesivinini sezinqubo zethu zokushintshanisa.
... nabadlali
I-pituitary gland iyinhlangano esemqoka ye-endocrine. Ikhulula ama-hormone avuselela noma avimbele umsebenzi wabanye. Kodwa i-pituitary gland ayiyona into ephezulu ye-ES, igcwalisa kuphela indima yomphathi. I-Hypothalamus iyinhloko ephakeme. Lona ngumnyango wengqondo, ohlanganisa amaqoqo amangqamuzana ahlanganisa izakhiwo ze-nervous and endocrine. Ziyakuthinta izinto ezilawula izigulane ze-pituitary ne-endocrine. Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwe-hypothalamus, i-pituitary gland iveza ama-hormone anithinta izicubu ezibucayi. Ngakho-ke, i-hormone ye-thyroid evuselela igciwane le-thyroid, i-corticotropic - umsebenzi we-correx e-adrenal. I-hormone yokukhula (noma i-hormone yokukhula) ayithinti noma yiliphi isici esithile. Umphumela wayo ufinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezicubu nezitho. Lokhu umehluko ekusebenzeni kwamahomoni kubangelwa umehluko obaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni kanye nenani lemisebenzi abayinikezayo. Ukuziqhenya kwalesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi yisimiso sempendulo. I-ES ingabizwa ngaphandle kokwedlulisa iningi lentando yeningi. Futhi, nakuba liphethe "izingxenye" ezithombeni (i-hypothalamus ne-pituitary gland), abathandekayo nabo banethonya lomsebenzi wezingqimba eziphakeme. Esikhathini se-hypothalamus, i-pituitary gland kunezinsiza ezithinta ama-hormone ahlukahlukene egazini. Uma liphakeme, amasignali avela kuma-receptors ayovimba ukukhiqizwa kwawo kuwo wonke amazinga. Lona ngumgomo wokuphendula ngomsebenzi. I-gland yegciwane yathola igama layo ngokuma kwayo. Ihlanganisa entanyeni, izungeze i-trachea. Ukubunjwa kwamahomoni ayo kuyi-iodine, futhi ukungabi khona kwayo kungaholela ekungahambisani nomsebenzi emsebenzini. I-hormone ye-gland inikeza ibhalansi phakathi kokubunjwa kwezicubu ze-adipose kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamafutha agcinwe kuwo. Ziyadingeka ekuthuthukiseni ama-skeleton kanye nenhlalakahle yezincuba zamathambo, futhi kukhulise nokusebenza kwamanye ama-hormone (isibonelo, i-insulin, ukusheshisa umzimba we-carbohydrates). Lezi zinto zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusungulweni kwesimiso sezinzwa. Ukuntuleka kwama-hormone ekuguleni kwengane kuholela ekuthuthukiseni ubuchopho, futhi kamuva kwehla ekuhlakanipheni. Ngakho-ke, zonke izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zihlolwa ngokuqukethwe kwalezi zinto (lokhu kuhlolwa kufakwe ohlelweni lokuhlola izingane ezisanda kuzalwa). Kanye ne-adrenaline, i-hormone ye-thyroid ithinta umsebenzi wenhliziyo futhi ilawula ukucindezeleka kwegazi.
Izigulane ze-parathyroid
Izigulane ze-parathyroid ziyizicucu ezine ezisezinhlakeni zamathambo amakhulu ngemuva kwegciwane, yingakho zinegama lawo. Ama-gland enza ama-hormone amabili: i-parathyroid ne-calcitonin. Bobabili banikeza ukushintshaniswa kwe-calcium ne-phosphorus emzimbeni. Ngokungafani nezinhlayiya ze-endocrine eziningi, umsebenzi we-parathyroid ulawulwa ukuguquka kokubunjwa kwamaminerali wegazi kanye ne-vithamini D. I-pancreas ilawula ukugaya umzimba kwe-carbohydrate emzimbeni, futhi ihlanganyela ekugayeni futhi ikhiqize ama-enzyme okuqinisekisa ukwehla kwamaprotheni, amafutha kanye nama-carbohydrate. Ngakho-ke, itholakala endaweni yokuguquka kwesisu kuya emathunjini amancane. I-Iron ikhipha ama-hormone amabili: i-insulini ne-glucagon. Owokuqala unciphisa izinga likashukela egazini, okwenza amangqamuzana abambelele ngokwengeziwe futhi asebenzise. Okwesibili, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwandisa inani leshukela, okwenza amangqamuzana wesibindi kanye nezicubu zomzimba ukuba abuyele. Isifo esivame kakhulu esihlotshaniswa nokungajwayelekile kwi-pancreas uthayipha u-1 isifo sikashukela (noma isifo sikashukela esincike kwi-insulin). Ivela ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana akhiqiza i-insulini, amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba. Iningi labantwana abanesifo sikashukela banezici ze-genome okungenzeka zibikezele ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo. Kodwa ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukutheleleka noma ukucindezeleka okudlulisiwe. Ama-gland adrenal aphethe igama lawo indawo. Umuntu angeke aphile ngaphandle kwezigulane ze-adrenal kanye namahomoni awakhiqizayo, futhi lezi zitho zibhekwa njengezibalulekile. Kuhlelo lokuhlola lwazo zonke izinsana, ukuhlolwa kokuphula umthetho wabo kufakiwe - imiphumela yezinkinga ezinjalo izoba yingozi kakhulu. I-grenal adrenal ikhiqiza inombolo yerekhodi yamahomoni. Okudumile kunazo zonke yi-adrenaline. Kuyasiza umzimba ukulungisa nokubhekana nezingozi ezikhona. Le hormone ibangela inhliziyo ukuba ishaye ngokushesha futhi ukupompa igazi eliningi ezingxenyeni zokuhamba (uma kudingekile ukubaleka), kwandisa imvamisa yokuphefumula ukuhlinzeka umzimba nge-oksijeni, kuncipha ubuzwe obukhulu ebuhlungu. Ukwandisa ukucindezeleka kwegazi, ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwegazi okuphezulu kakhulu ebuchosheni nezinye izitho ezibalulekile. I-Norepinephrine nayo inomphumela ofanayo. I-hormone yesibili ebaluleke kunazo zonke zezinhlayiya ze-adrenal yi-cortisol. Kunzima ukubiza noma iyiphi inqubo emzimbeni, okungeke ibe nethonya. Iphoqa izicubu ukukhulula izinto ezigcinwe egazini ukuze wonke amaseli anikezwe izakhi. Indima ye-cortisol iyanda ngokuvuvukala. Ivuselela ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezivikelayo nomsebenzi wamasosha omzimba okudingekayo ukulwa nokuvuvukala, kanti uma lezi zinsuku zisebenza kakhulu (kufaka hlangana nama-cell awo siqu), i-cortisol igcizelela intshiseko yabo. Ngaphansi kokucindezeleka, kuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ukuze umzimba ungasebenzisi amandla kulo msebenzi, futhi isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela esivela ngokubeka umyalelo ngokuhlelekile angeke siphuthelwe amasampula "angalungile". I-hormone aldosterone ilawula ukuhlushwa emzimbeni we-salts eyisisekelo yamaminerali - i-sodium ne-potassium. Izigulane zocansi ziyizicathulo kubafana nama-ovari emantombazaneni. Ama-hormone, awakhiqizayo, akwazi ukushintsha izinqubo ze-metabolic. Ngakho-ke, i-testosterone (i-hormone eyinhloko yamadoda) isiza ukukhula kwezicubu zomzimba, amathambo. Yandisa ukondla futhi kwenza abafana babe nobudlova. Futhi, nakuba i-testosterone ithathwa njenge-hormone yesilisa, ixhomeke kwabesifazane, kodwa ingaphansi kokuhlushwa okuncane.
Udokotela!
Ngokuvamile, izingane ezinesisindo esiningi kanye nezingane ezigxile kakhulu ngemva kontanga yazo ekukhuleni zifika ezinganeni ze-endocrinologist yezingane. Abazali kunalokho baqaphele iqiniso lokuthi ingane ivela phakathi kwabanontanga, bese iqala ukuthola isizathu. Ezinye izifo eziningi ze-endocrine azikho izici ezibonakalayo, futhi inkinga abazali nabahlengikazi bavame ukuthola ukuthi nini lapho isifo sesishintshile ngokujulile umsebenzi wesinye isitho noma yonke inyama. Ujwayele ingane: umzimba. Ezinganeni ezincane, ikhanda nesiqu ezihlobene nobude bomzimba buzobe bukhulu. Kusukela eminyakeni engu-9-10 ingane iqala ukwelula, futhi ukulinganisa komzimba wakhe kuya kubantu abadala.