I-Glutamate sodium, imiphumela emibi engakaze icaciswe ngokugcwele, isetshenziswe kakhulu. Wake wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani imikhiqizo eminingi kusuka ochungechungeni lwezokudla okusheshayo ("ukudla okusheshayo") enokunambitheka okungokwemvelo okunjalo? Sithenga ama-chips, ama-croutons, ama-noodles, amasobho okusheshayo futhi angacabangi neze ukuthi ukunambitheka kwenyama kudalwe kanjani kumikhiqizo ngaphandle kwegrama yenyama. Sithanda imikhiqizo yokudla okusheshayo ne ukunambitheka kwe-bacon, ham, i-paprika, anyanisi onephunga ne ukhilimu omuncu, i-saumoni, ushizi kanye ne-caviar emnyama ... Ziyiphunga futhi zilungiswe ngokushesha. Omunye angaqonda lapho abantu abanenkinga yokuthenga isikhathi sokuthenga ukudla okusheshayo. Kodwa thina, abantu abadala, asihambisani nokudla ukudla okugcwele nge-pair of sachets of chips crispy noma ngokushesha ukuphuza isobho kusuka indebe yamaphepha ngisho nalapho sisekhaya. Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, sidla izingane zethu.
Iyini i-glutamate sodium?
I-glutamate sodium iyinhlanganisela yokudla okukhiqizwa ngokukhiqiza. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kokudla okusemathinini futhi igxila, ukulungiswa kwemikhiqizo ekhanda, engeza glutamate ye-sodium nokudla okulungele. Njengoba isakhiwo sekristalline, i-glutamate ye-sodium ichitheka kahle emanzini. Isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka nokuphunga kwemikhiqizo yenyama, ukunciphisa i-aftertaste enosawoti nobabayo.
Ngokusho "isichazamazwi se-Encyclopaedic yemigomo yezokwelapha", i-glutamate ye-sodium iyinsawoti ye-monosodium ye-glutamic acid, esetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka kokudla okusemathinini, inyama yokugxila, inyama nokunye. Uma kuthathwa ngobuningi obukhulu, ubuthakathaka, isisulu sokudla, isisu, isisu sombuso, ukuzwa okungajabulisayo esifundeni sesisu kungaqaphela. Njengoba sibona, imiphumela emibi evela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-sodium glutamate iqinisekiswa ngokwesayensi.
Yakha i-glutamate sodium kusuka ku-glutamic acid, engengxenye yamaprotheni amaningi. Kodwa emikhiqizweni yemvelo ngefomu yamahhala ayifinyeleleki futhi kuphela emalini amancane. Ngesitoreji eside, ukukhishwa kwemikhiqizo yemvelaphi yezilwane, ukuhlushwa kwe-glutamic acid kunciphisa. Ngalo, iphunga nokunambitheka kwenyama kuncishisiwe. Yingakho kaningi embonini yokudla, i-glutamate ye-sodium ingezwa kumasoseji nokudla okusemathinini. Futhi uma inyama enganele emikhiqizweni yenyama futhi iningi labakhiqizi bayo abangathembeki bayithathe indawo, isibonelo, isobho - kanti i-glutamate ye-sodium ayikwazi ukuhlala ingenakulungiswa! Kungenxa ye-glutamate sodium ukuthi insimu yesobho inothola ukunambitheka komzimba nokuphunga.
Ngaphandle, i-glutamate ye-sodium ifana noshukela nosawoti. Kodwa unalo ukunambitheka okuhlukile. AmaJapane abiza ngokuthi "umami", emazweni aseNtshonalanga kuthiwa "ayinambitheka" - umuthi wesikhumba. I-Glutamate, ngokuthandwa kwayo, isibe yinkosi yangempela ye-seasonings. Embonini yokudla namuhla, ingakwazi ukuncintisana, mhlawumbe, kuphela ngosawoti etafuleni.
Imiphumela emibi ye-glutamate ye-sodium
Esikhathini sokungabi nabuhlungu kokuphila kwanamuhla, "ukudla okusheshayo" kuye kwagxila ngokushesha, kusinika isikhathi esengeziwe esiyigugu emsebenzini kanye nezinye izinto ezicindezelayo. Kodwa izwe laseNtshonalanga kwakungokuqala ukuzwakala i-alamu: ukudla okusheshayo kungenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokudla okunamandla nokuzuza isisindo. I-American ekhulile ngokugcwele yathatha izingalo ngokumelene noMcDonald's, efuna ukuba izindawo zokudlela eziphuthumayo zisuswe "ebusweni" bezwe labo. "I-McDonald's" izophela - ingabe kuyoba nezinguquko eziningi uma umkhuba wezigidi ukuba udle "ukudla okusheshayo" okunomsoco futhi owanelisayo kuye kwaqina ngokuqinile? Ukuboniswa kokudla kuphuka kuzo kokubili lapha futhi lapha. Ukudla okugxilwe nge-sodium glutamate, kwakuhlala izitolo zethu zokudla ekhaya kanye nama-hypermarket, zihlala ezitolo ezincane endleleni yemizila yethu yansuku zonke nasezimakethe ezingenamkhawulo.
Kodwa ingabe wake wakucabangela ukuthi lokhu kudla okumnandi kuvela ekudleni okusheshayo? Impendulo ilula: izithako zokudla, futhi okokuqala - i-glutamate ye-sodium. Odokotela basho ngokuqinile ukuthi i-glutamate sodium yenza thina bulimans. Yilokho - abadla ukudla. Bheka izingosi ze-intanethi, vula umyalo "wokusesha" womqondo oyinhloko we "glutamate ye-sodium" - funda okuningi ukwazi!
Izikhwama ezikhanyayo nge-bouillon cubes kanye nezikhathi zokuvuna ngokuvamile zihlotshiswe ngemibhede yembali. Bangela ubudlelwane nokudla okunomsoco nokuphephile. Eqinisweni, ama-condiments amaningi ayimifino yokudla kwamakhemikhali ngokufaka imifino yemvelo nezinongo. Futhi akuyona iqiniso lokuthi kuyoba nemikhiqizo yemvelo engaphezulu! Ukwengeza kumakhemikhali, cishe isigamu isisindo samagubhu kanye ne-seasonings yikasawoti ephekiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, ubufebe buyekwa usawoti futhi "buphuze ngokweqile". Kodwa isabelo semifino eyomile siboniswa hhayi ngokwayo, kodwa ngesisindo esiphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenyana yabo enkulu ingaphansi kwamanoni. Into yesithathu yezinongo eziningi, ama-broths kanye nokugxila yizithasiselo zokunambitheka: inosinate ne-sodium glutamate. Banikeza ukunambitheka kokudla okulindelekile, hhayi imifino nemifino. Ngokuvamile, ukunambitheka okunambithekayo akungeze kube ngaphansi kwemifino nemifino omisiwe. Abakhiqizi benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze bazuze inzuzo yabo ngempilo yethu.
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ama-broths ayinambitheka kakhulu futhi ayinomsoco. Iqukethe amaminerali nezinye izinto eziwusizo. Ikakhulu kakhulu emhluzweni wemvelo we-gelatin, equkethe i-collagen. I-Collagen ngumklami wemvelo wezicubu zomzimba, isikhumba, izinwele, izindonga zemithambo yegazi. "Umhluzi omuhle uvuselela abafileyo" - ufunda isaga sesiLatini. Kodwa ingabe lo umhluzi esivela emabhuloki owomile, okwakuboniswa ngembala ezindabeni zokukhangisa zansuku zonke ze-TV? Ama-sauces nezitshalo ezikhiqizwa ezentuthuko zinezithasiselo ezifakelwayo ezinikezela izinhlanzi noma izinambitheka zenyama. Kusukela ukusebenzisa imifino yemvelo kuyabiza kakhulu kumenzi.
Amanani amancane we-glutamate ye-sodium avumela imboni yokudla ukuthi igcine kuma-mushroom, izinkukhu, inyama kanye neminye imikhiqizo yemvelo. Phela, umkhiqizo ungafakwa esikhundleni senyama egcwele inyama encane yomzimba noma ukukhishwa kwayo. Futhi ukuze uvuselele ukuzwa kwesidlo sezinyama, kwanele ukuba uphese imikhiqizo ngendwangu ye-sodium glutamate.
Yini engalungile ngalokho?
Ngokuqinisekile lo mbuzo uzobuzwa abafundi abaningi. Okokuqala, akulondolozi kuphela imboni yokudla, kodwa nabathengi. Imikhiqizo yokudla yemvelo ayishibhile, akwanele umndeni ngamunye ukupheka manje. Okwesibili, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukulungiselela ukudla "kwangempela"! Kuvela, "inkohliso ihloniphekile". Cha, lokhu kungukukhohlisa. Ngokudla okusheshayo, asitholi okwanele amino acid nezinye izingxenye ezidingekayo emzimbeni onemikhiqizo yemvelo. Esikhundleni salokho, sidla amanani ahloniphekile we-glutamate ye-sodium, okushiwo ngenhla, okusenza sibe yi-bulimans.
Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ososayensi bathola indlela i-glutamate ye-sodium esiza ngayo ukukhiqiza iphunga nokuthanda okufana nokudla kwemvelo. Umuntu olimini unemitholampilo ezithinta i-glutamic acid - eyona "fuel" eyinhloko yobuchopho. I-Glutamic acid ikhulisa ukuhlakanipha, ithatha ukucindezeleka nokungabi namandla, inciphisa ukukhathala. Kodwa lokhu kusebenza ku-asidi yemvelo. Ama-receptors afanayo asabela ngokujulile ekwenzeni i-sodium glutamate, okungukuthi, usawoti we-monosodium we-monosodium we-glutamic.
Lesi sengezo sivela eMpumalanga. Kwelinye lama-laboratories aseJapane aholwa yi-Kikunai Ikeda, ngo-1908 umhlaba owatholwa yi-monosodium glutamate wokuqala. Kwaqinisa iphunga nokunambitha inyama. Futhi ngo-1947 kwamenyezelwa emhlabeni wonke ukuthi iphunga elimangalisayo lemvelo lingahle lihlanganiswe maduze ngaphakathi kwezindonga zama laboratories. Kulokhu sinesiqiniseko nakanjani namuhla.
Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa, izivunguvungu ezinkulu zavela phezu kwe-glutamate ye-sodium. Ngezici eziningi lokhu kwakungenxa yokudumala nokuthuthukiswa okubanzi kwenethiwekhi yezokudla zesiShayina eNtshonalanga. Ngokushesha, okuthiwa "i-Chinese restaurant syndrome" yaqaphela futhi ichazwa. Lokhu kuyimiphumela emibi yecaladi glutamate. Izivakashi eziningi kulezi zokudlela (kanye ne-Chinese zabegalovok), sezidle isidumbu esisempumalanga, ngokushesha zabona ukuqhuma kwamagagasi ashisayo ekhanda, zaqala ukuthuthumela futhi zazama. Abantu ikakhulukazi abakhubazekile baze bahlakulela ukuhlaselwa yisifuba sokuphefumula. Lo mphumela ohlangothini wawuyisizathu sokuqhubeka nokufunda lokhu okungeziweko kokudla. Kwavela ukuthi i-glutamate ye-sodium ingabangela ngempela ikhanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivimba iodine emzimbeni. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuntuleka kwe-iodine, ukuphazamiseka okuhlukahlukene kungabonakalisa. Kubandakanya ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi, ukuzuza kwesisindo, ukuphazamiseka kwemizimba.
I-glutamate sodium ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kakhulu ekhishini elingasempumalanga. E-Thailand, isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okujwayelekile kufinyelela ku-3 amagremu ngosuku ngosuku lomuntu ngamunye. Cishe akukho zokupheka zaseShayina zokudla akukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwalesi sigaba.
Khumbula ukutadisha kwe-American neurophysiologist uJohn Olney, okwenziwa ngo-1957. Wathola ukuthi i-glutamate ye-sodium ingabangela ukulimala kobuchopho kumagundane. Emva kwalokhu, i-glutamate yaqala ukusola ukuthi izifo eziningi zenzeka - kusukela ezinhlokweni ezijwayelekile eziya e-Alzheimer's. Abagxeka kakhulu kunazo zonke "zokufakelwa kwamakhemikhali" bahanjiswa ngamabellane: i-monosodium glutamate etholakale ngokutholakala nge-toxin eheha isimiso sezinzwa. Yimbangela yokweqa ngokweqile amangqamuzana obuchopho, kungase kubangele ukulimala okungenakuguqulwa kwisimiso sezinzwa kanye nengqondo ekhulayo yengane. Iminyaka eminingana ye-glutamate sodium yahlolwa ngokujulile. Iningi lala macala lalingenqatshiwe futhi ukufakwa kokudla kwakubhekwa njengokuphephile. Nakuba "i-Chinese restaurant syndrome" kanye nomthelela omubi wesifo se-asthma, ososayensi kwakudingeka avume. Kodwa ngaphansi kwethonya lezinkampani, ibhizinisi lalishukela.
Izincomo
Namuhla, i-glutamate ye-sodium isemthethweni. Okungukuthi, kuvunyelwe ukuba basebenzise njengendlela yokwengeza ukudla futhi kuboniswe ikhodi Е 621 (kwimikhiqizo yangaphandle - MSG). Kukholelwa ukuthi uma isetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwemingcele enengqondo, i-glutamate sodium ngeke ilimaze noma ubani. Umthamo wansuku zonke kubantu abadala akufanele udlule ama-1.5 amagremu, kubantu abasha - 0.5 amagremu. Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emithathu ngokuvamile akufanele zidle ukudla eziqukethe i-glutamate sodium. Ngokugcwele, iqukethe namuhla, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, i-75-95% yemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza eyenziwe ngomshini olungiselelwe noma imikhiqizo esiphelile.
Ake sicacise. Ngokusobala, emlandweni wezinye zezingxenye zokudla ezisetshenzisiwe kakhulu, iphuzu alisethiwe. Kodwa ulwazi olutholakalayo kufanele lusasilindise futhi lusikhuthaze ukuba sishintshe ukudla kwethu nokugcinwa kwezindlu. Sithwalwa kakhulu yilungiselelo lamakhishi ethu! Ifenisha elihle, elikhazimulayo, ngezinhlobo eziningi zamacwecwe e-bloat, ovini, zonke izinhlobo zemishini kagesi. Zenzelwe ukwenza lula futhi zisheshise ukulungiswa kokudla okunomsoco nokuphephile. Futhi manje yiziphi izitsha! Kodwa ingabe sivame ukusebenzisa zonke lezi zihlanganisa, abaxube, abaxube, ama-juicers, ama-electron-knives? Cha, asivuli isitofu nsuku zonke - amanzi abilayo avela ku-kettle kagesi, into yokufudumala - ku-microwave, konke ukudla - kusuka kuphakheji ngokushesha kuya etafuleni.
Yiqiniso, ngaphandle kokudla okusheshayo nemikhiqizo eqedile, namuhla akunakwenzeka ukuba siphathe. Kodwa akuhloswe nsuku zonke! Ngisho nama-sausage okuphekiwe, ama-sausages, izazi zezilwane zincoma ukuthi zingadli kaningi. Ngaphezu kokuthuthukiswa kokufakelwa kokunambitheka kwemvelo nokunuka, nakho kuneziqu eziningi. Ngakho-ke, impilo yabo kanye nempilo yezingane zabo kufanele zilungiselelwe ngokwethu! Ama-borscht abilisiwe, ama-porridges, ama-cutlets, ama-omelets, ama-chops, izinhlanzi nama-saladi ahlanzekile ngempela. Khumbula ukuthi esimweni se-glutamate ye-sodium, imiphumela emibi ingabonakala njengomphumela ongajabulisayo.