Njengoba lezi zifo zenzeka kaningi futhi zivuselelwa izikhathi ezingu-6-8 ngonyaka, kuyasiza ukwazi izici zabo eziyinhloko. Kulesi sihloko, sizokhuluma ngesihloko salo nyaka "Ukutheleleka okunamandla kokuphefumula kwegciwane ezinganeni".
Izifo eziphezulu zokuphefumula
- Izinkukhu. Esinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu ezinganeni, isizathu esivame kakhulu sokushayela udokotela futhi sidlula esikoleni.
- I-cold evamile ibangela amagciwane angaphezu kuka-200 (ngokuyinhloko i-rhinovirus ne-coronavirus), efaka izicubu noma izinambuzane zamangqamuzana ezingenhla zokuphefumula.
- Izimpawu zamakhaza zivela ezinsukwini ezingu-2-3 emva kokuxhumana nomthwali wegciwane, zingahlala ngesonto. Ezinganeni, lezi zimpawu zihlanganisa ukungqubuzana kwamanzi, umkhuhlane, ukukhathazeka, ukulala, ukuhlanza, nokuhlanza.
- Izimpawu ezinganeni ezikhulile: ukuxubana kwamanzi noma impumu egijima, umkhuhlane, amehlo omzimba, ukukloloda, ukulinganisa ukukhwehlela owomile, umkhuhlane, ubuhlungu obukhulu bomzimba, ikhanda, ukukhathala. I-mucus iqala amanzi, bese iba yinto enzima futhi ephuzi. Umkhuhlane ovamile uhlukile okhuhlane - isifo esibi kakhulu, esinezinkinga.
Iningi lezingane ezincane zihlushwa amakhaza izikhathi ezingu-6-8 ngonyaka futhi kaningi ngisho nangabe ziya enkulisa. Kusukela beneminyaka engama-6, izingane aziguli kaningi. Izinsana zibhekene nemikhuhlane izikhathi 2-4 ngonyaka. Izikhumba zivame ukubhekwa ekwindla nasentwasahlobo. Ukwanda kwengozi yezibanda ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka kungabonakala ukuthi izingane zichitha isikhathi esiningi endaweni, zixhumana nezinye izingane kanye nabantu abadala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-virus abangela ukushisa abanda ngokushesha emoyeni opholile, omile. Izikhukhula zenzeka ngoba, kwezinye izimo, izimpawu zingase zifane, kubalulekile ukukhumbula umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zifo.
Sinusitis
Kuyindlela yokuvuvukala ku-mucosa yamasinasi e-paranasal - izikhala zomoya ezingaphambi kwekhanda. Izono zigcwele ubuhle futhi zidale ukungakhululeki. Kune-sinusitis enzima, engapheli amasonto amathathu, ukuhlala isikhathi eside kusukela emavikini amathathu kuya ezinyangeni ezingu-3 futhi okungapheliyo, okuhlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu. Ngokujwayelekile, i-sinusitis ivela njengengcindezi yemakhaza noma ngenxa yokuphathwa ngokunganele ngokwanele. I-sinusitis ibangela ubuhlungu nokuvinjelwa kwendawo, ngezinye izikhathi ukugcinwa kwe-purulent, ukuvuvukala kwe-catarrhal, ukungqubuzana komzimba, ukushisa komzimba, ikhanda lokuhlukunyezwa, ngisho nesizungu sokweqisa okukhulu. Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuxilongwa iwukuba usizo lwezithombe ze-x-ray zesono ezingasese. Ukuhlanza impumulo nge-saline nokukhipha imfihlo kuyindlela emibili ephumelelayo kakhulu yokuvimbela amakhaza, kodwa angabangela ukunganaki ingane.
I-Pharyngitis
Ukuvuvukala okunamandla kwendwangu yamangcwaba ye-pharynx ne-tonsils, ebonakala ebuhlungu emqaleni, ingaba buhlungu kakhulu. Njengomthetho, kubangelwa ukutheleleka ngegciwane (ngamacala angu-45-60%), kodwa ukuvuvukala kungaba ibhaktheriya (15%) noma i-etiology engaqondakali (25-40%). Nge-pharyngitis yegciwane, kukhona umkhuhlane omuncu, ukukhwehlela okuthukuthelayo okomile, ubunzima bokugwinya, futhi kwezinye izimo - umkhuhlane kanye nokunganaki okuvamile. Uma izimpawu zokugcina zinzima futhi ziqhubeka izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezinsuku ezintathu, zingabangelwa amagciwane. Kuyadingeka ukuthi uxoxe nodokotela ukuze ubone imbangela yokutheleleka futhi unikeze ukwelashwa okufanele ngama-antibiotic. Esinye isifo esitholakalayo singukutheleleka kwe-mononucleosis, uhlobo lwe-pharyngitis ye-viral origin. Uphathwa njengomkhuhlane ojwayelekile, noma kunjalo, umuntu kufanele abonane nodokotela owenza ukuthi anqume ukuthi uthathe ama-antibiotic. Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sifo esithathelwanayo sidluliselwa ngokuphuma emakhaleni nasemakhaleni, amalungu amaningana omndeni angagula ngesikhathi esisodwa. I-pharyngitis ye-bacterial, eyabangelwa kaningi nge-streptococcus ye-hemolytic, ihambisana nobuhlungu obunzima emqaleni, kunzima ukugwinya, umkhuhlane, ama-depositent deposits kwi-tonsils nasemqaleni, ukuvuvukala izilonda zomlomo wesibeletho (i-cervical adenopathy). Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sifo singabangela izinkinga ezinkulu, kubandakanya i-rheumatoid polyarthritis, isifo sezinso kanye nomkhuhlane omnyama, noma yikuphi ukwelashwa kwe-pharyngitis kudinga ukwelashwa kwemithi elwa namagciwane - i-penicillin (noma i-derivillin) noma i-erythromycin (okunye uma kwenzeka i-penicillin yokungezwani komzimba). Ngaphambi kokuqala kwemithi elwa namagciwane, kubalulekile ukuhlola isampula yamakhemikhali e-pharyngeal ukucacisa ukuthi yiziphi amagciwane adala lesi sifo.
I-tonsillectomy (ukususwa kokukhishwa kwama-tonsils)
Amathoni - izitho ezimbili ezihlangothini lwesineke elincane. Ziqukethe amaqoqo amathisamu e-lymphoid enza ama-antibodies ngokumelene nokutheleleka, abonakala emehlweni angcolile emlonyeni womntwana, eduze nomlimi, uma ungakuphakamisi. Uma i-tonsillitis ivuselelwa futhi ingaphenduli ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa, amathoni angasuswa. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwenziwa kwenziwa kanyekanye nokususwa kwe-adenoids. Icala ngalinye udokotela uyazicabangela ngokwehlukana, kodwa ngokuvamile i-tonsillectomy inconywa:
- Nge-hypertrophy (ngokweqile ngokweqile) yamathani - uma amathani amakhulu kakhulu evikela ukuphefumula, bangela ukuba i-apnea futhi ngezinye izikhathi inganiki ithuba lokugwinya ukudla.
- Ngokuqala ukutheleleka komphimbo.
- Uma ama-abscesses avela kumathoni. Izinto ezinjalo zibhekwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, zibhekwa njengengozi.
- Ngokudumala okubangelwa yi-tonsillitis.
- Uma ubukhulu be-tonsils banda ingozi ye-rhinitis nezifo zendlebe.
Ukuvuvukala kwendlebe ephakathi
Indlebe ephakathi ixhunywe ne-pharynx nge-tube yase-Eustachian, okusho ukuthi izifo zendlela yokuphefumula ephezulu zivame ukuholela ezinkingeni endlebeni ephakathi. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zivela ngokwazo. Indlebe ephakathi iyavutha uma isembatho esikumboza iveza amanothi amaningi. Ligubha ibhulogi lase-Eustachian, lenza ubuhlungu futhi linciphise ubukhulu bokuzwa (ezimweni ezinzima kusongela isithulu). Ukuvuvukala kungahambisana ne-fever, ukukhanda ngamakhanda nokukhwabanisa. Umgomo oyinhloko wokwelapha ukuqeda imbangela yalesi sifo.
- Uma ukutheleleka kuphikelela, kufanele kuphathwe ngama-antibiotic anqunywe udokotela.
- Uma imbangela yokutheleleka yinto yokungezwani, ukugoma kanye nokwelashwa ngama-antihistamine kuyodingeka, kanye nokulawula izinto zangaphandle.
- Uma i-adenoids idala ukuvimbela futhi ifinyelela ithoni ye-Eustachian, kumele isuswe.
- Uma ukuvuvukala kunezimbangela eziningi futhi kunzima ukuphatha, ukugeleza kwebhubhane le-tympanic ne-plastic tube kuyadingeka.
Izifo ezincane zokuphefumula
- I-bronchitis enamandla
Inqubo yokuvuvukala ku-trachea ne-bronchi, evame ukuhambisana nokutheleleka kwendlela yokuphefumula engenayo noma ukucindezeleka kwalokhu okulandelayo. Ngokuvame ukuvela kwamagciwane, kodwa kwezinye izimo kungase kube amabhaktheriya (okubangelwa amabhaktheriya i-Mycoplasma pneumoniae noma i-Bordetella pertussis, ama-causative agents of ukhwehlela ukukhwehlela). I-pneumonia yisifo esithathelwe ukukhula kwamagciwane ezincane ngaphakathi kwe-alveoli; zibangela ukuvuvukala futhi kubangele umonakalo wamaphaphu. Ngomphumela wokuvuvukala e-alveoli, imfihlo ebonakala ngokucacile kwi-X-ray esifubeni igcizelelwe. Ukwelashwa kuyingozi, okungukuthi, okuhlose ukuqeda ukukhwehlela nomkhuhlane. Kwezinye izimo, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ezinganeni eziphikisayo, ukuvinjelwa kwamagciwane kungenzeka, okudinga ukusetshenziswa kwe-bronchodilators. Ama-antibiotics kufanele ahlanganiswe ngemithi uma kukhona ukusola kokutheleleka kwebhaktheriya: khuluma nodokotela wakho.
- I-Pertussis
Lesi sifo esithathelwanayo sibangelwa amabhaktheriya eBordetella pertussis. Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokugcoba ukuhlala isikhathi eside izinsuku eziyi-8-10, ingane isinezimpawu ze-bronchitis, njengokukhwehlela, ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Ngemuva nje kwesonto, i-catarrh idlula esigabeni esixubhayo, ekhonjelwa ukukhwehlela, ehambisana nokuzwela kokugwinya. Uma kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokudla, umntwana angase aqale ukuhlanza, futhi ezimweni ezinzima, ngisho nokubola kwesimonyo. Ukukhwehlela kancane kancane kuphenduka ukuphefumula okukhulu. Izinkinga cishe zixhomeke ekutheni amandla okugwinya angabangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-pulmonary emphysema. Kwezinye izimo, uma ukukhwehlela kuhambisana nokuhlanza, ingane ihlupheka ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco - lokhu kukhulisa isimo futhi kunciphise ukubuyiswa. Ukutheleleka kubangelwa ukuxhumana okuqondile nesiguli esinegciwane, kanye nokufihla, okukhishwa ngesikhathi sneezing nokukhwehlela. I-Pertussis ingatheleleka nganoma isiphi isikhathi, kodwa ivame kakhulu ezinganeni ezincane. I-Pertussis ingavinjelwa ukugoma, okubekwe ngokufanayo ngemigomo yokulwa nomthamo we-tetanus kanye ne-diphtheria (i-DTaP vaccine) eneminyaka engu-2, 4 no-6, ephindaphindiwe ezinyangeni ezingu-18 neminyaka engu-6.
- I-pneumonia yezingane
I-pneumonia iqala lapho ama-pathogens ewela emathangeni amaphaphu, engena kuwo ngokusebenzisa ekhaleni noma emphinjeni, kanye nomoya ngesikhathi sokuphefumula, ngegazi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, ipheshana lokuphefumula lihlala ngamagciwane (izitshalo zebhaktheriya). Lawa ma-bacteria awafaki amaphaphu ngenxa yesenzo samaseli omzimba omzimba kanye nokukhwehlela okufiphalayo, okwenza amangqamuzana e-ciliary aphethwe ukususwa kwanoma yimaphi amabandla angaphandle. Uma lezi zinqubo zokuzivikela zibuthakathaka, izifo-mzimba ziyangena emaphashini futhi zibangele ukutheleleka. Izimpawu ze-pneumonia zihlukahlukene. Kwezinye izimo, zihambisana nesifo se-pneumonia, esihlukaniswa nokukhwehlela nge-expectoration (ngezinye izikhathi ngegazi elifakiwe) amahora amaningana noma izinsuku ezingu-2-3 ngaphambi kokugqashuka, kanye nobuhlungu besifuba nemfiva enezikhukhula. I-pneumonia ebangelwa i-pneumococci iqala ngokuvumelana nalesi simo. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-pneumonia, ezihlobene ne-atypical, zibhekiswe ekuthuthukiseni kancane kancane kwezimpawu: ukushisa okushisa, ubuhlungu bomzimba nobuhlungu, ukukhathala nokukhwehlela ikhanda, ukukhwehlela owomile ngaphandle kwe-expectoration, ubuhlungu obukhulu kakhulu esifubeni. Iziguli ezinjalo zingase zibe nezimpawu ezibuthakathaka kusuka ohlelweni lokugaya - isicashu, ukuhlanza nokuhuda. Ziyinto ejwayelekile kakhulu ye-pneumonia eyabangelwa uMycoplasma, uCoxiella noClamydia. Uma uqinisekisa ukuphefumula, ukwelashwa kufanele kuqale ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Nge-pneumonia ye-bacteria, ukusetshenziswa kwamagciwane okulwa nawo kuboniswa. Ukuzikhethela kweyodwa yama-antibiotic amaningi kuxhomeke ku-agent ye-causative yesifo, izinga lokuqina kwalo, izici zomntwana ogulayo. Kodwa kwezinye izimo, ukuhlolwa okungeziwe kungadingeka, ingane igcinwe esibhedlela ukuze ihlolwe futhi ilashwe.
- Bronchiolitis
Lokhu ukutheleleka kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi emgodini ophansi wokuphefumula kwenzeka ezinganeni ezincane. Ngemuva kokuzamazama komhlaba nokushisa okuncane, ubunzima bokuphefumula kuqala, imigqa yokuzwakala ezwakalayo, ukukhwehlela kuyaqina futhi kuphikelela. Kungase kube nokuqiniswa kwesifuba, ngokubonakaliswa okuphawulekayo kwesifo isikhumba sibheka okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kwemimoya yomoya. I-brronchiolitis ngokuvamile ivela njengesifo segciwane, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezingaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-18. Ngokuvame kakhulu kubonakala ezinganeni ezingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Izimbangela ezivame kakhulu yi-virus yokuvumelanisa ukuphefumula kanye ne-paravirus ye-influenza 3. I-Bronchiolitis isakazwa ngokuxhumana okuqondile. Igciwane liqukethe amaconsi amancane emoyeni okhishwa umoya futhi lisakazwa kalula ngokukhipha noma ukukhwehlela. Ingane egulayo yithwala yegciwane ngezinsuku ezingu-3-8, inkathi yokufaka incubation ihlala ezinsukwini ezingu-2-8. I-bronchiolitis ekhethekile kakhulu (ngesimo esibi kunazo zonke) ezinganeni ezingakazalwa, izingane ezinesifo senhliziyo esiswini nesifo sokuzivivinya umzimba.
- Ukuvuvukala okukhulu kwezindlebe zangaphandle
Ukuvuvukala kuthinta ingxenyeni yangaphandle yokucwaninga, ebonakala ngobuhlungu nokushaya. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-earwax, ukugcoba kwamanzi ezindlebeni, ukulimala endlebeni yomlomo kwandisa amathuba okutheleleka. Ubuhlungu buyanda ngokuthinta indlebe yangaphandle nokuhlakulela ukudla, kukhona ukuphuma kwendlebe. Ukwelashwa: ukuphumula ubuhlungu nge-analgesics - paracetamol, aspirin noma ibuprofen; ama-antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, njll) kuhlangene nezidakamizwa eziphikisayo. Uma ithebhulethi ye-tympanic noma indlebe yangaphandle kanye nezigulane zivuvukala, ukwelashwa okwengeziwe nge-antibiotics ngomlomo (i-amoxicillin ne-clavulanic acid, i-cefuroxime, njll) kuyadingeka. Ngokuvamile izifo ezinjalo zivuselela, ikakhulu ehlobo. Ukuze uzigweme, kutuswa ukuba uthathe izinyathelo ezilandelayo zokuqapha.
- Khuthaza ingane ukuba ingagcini ikhanda lakhe emanzini ngenkathi yokugeza.
- Uma ugeza ikhanda futhi ugeza, izindlebe kufanele zivikelwe emanzini.
- Ungabeki izindlebe nezindlebe ezindlebeni zakho, njengoba zigcina umswakama.
- I-Laryngitis, i-epiglottitis, i-croup
Lezi zivunguvungu zibangela ukutheleleka ezingxenyeni ze-larynx. I-Laryngitis ivame kakhulu ezinganeni futhi ngokuvamile ibangelwa amagciwane. Ngaloluhlobo lwesifo, njenge-epiglottitis, ukuvuvukala kusakazeka ngokushesha, kungavimbela ngokuphelele ukuhamba kwemimoya kanye nasezikhungweni ezimbi kakhulu kuholela ekufeni. I-agent enkulu ye-Causative i-Haemophilus influenzae, uhlobo B. Ukuphefumula ukuphefumula kungenye yezibonakaliso zezifo zalesi sifo, kubangelwa ubunzima bokudlulisa umoya ngezingcingo zamagama ngenxa yokuvuvukala i-larynx ne-trachea. Isibonakaliso esifanayo singashukunyiswa yizifo ezihlukahlukene zegciwane ne-bacteria, amakhemikhali (ama-gases, ama-gas agxekayo), ukucasula ngokomzimba (igesi noma iziphuzo ezishisayo), ukulimala (angioedema). I-Croup yiyona imbangela evamile kakhulu yokugubha izingane ezineminyaka engu-1-5 ubudala. Nge-croup, kukhona ukuvuvukala kwemvelaphi yegciwane, umsindo nokuphefumula. Ukuhlaselwa kwama-groat amanga kuvame ukuvela ekuseni kakhulu: ingane ivukela ukuthi kunzima ukuba iphefumule futhi isuke ekhanda kakhulu. Lesi simo sivame ukwenzeka ngemuva kokuqala kwezimpawu ze-catarrh noma ezibandayo, kuvame kakhulu ekwindla nasebusika, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi i-croup ayikwazi ukugula nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Manje uyazi ukuthi yiziphi izifo ezithathelwanayo zokuphefumula ezibangelwa igciwane ezinganeni.