Izimbangela Zobuntwana be-Autism

I-Autism yinkinga eyenzeka uma kunezinto ezingavamile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchopho. Kubonakala ngokuntuleka okuphelele kokuxhumana nabantu nokuxhumana, kanye nokuthambekela kokuphindaphindiwe kwezenzo nokulinganiselwe kwezinto ezithandayo. Ezimweni eziningi, zonke izimpawu ezingenhla zivele ngisho nangaphambi kweminyaka emithathu. Izimo ezingafani kakhulu ne-autism, kodwa ngezibonakaliso ezinamandla, zibhekiswe kudokotela njengeqembu lezinkinga ze-autistic.

Sekuyisikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi izintathu zempawu ze-autism zingabangelwa imbangela eyodwa evamile kubo bonke, okungathinta amazinga okuqonda, izakhi zofuzo ne-neuronal. Nokho, maduzane, abacwaningi bayagxila ekucabangeni ukuthi i-autism iyisifo sezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibangelwa izimbangela ezihlukahlukene ezingase zisebenzisane ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Izifundo ezenzelwe ukucacisa izimbangela ze-autism ebuntwaneni ziye zahamba ngezindlela eziningi. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwezingane ezine-autism akunikezi ubufakazi bokuthi isimiso sabo sezinzwa sonakalisiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uDkt. Kanner, owafaka igama elithi "autism" empilweni, wachaza ukufana okuhlukahlukene kwabazali bezingane ezinjalo, njengendlela yokwenza kahle ekukhulisweni kwengane yabo, izinga eliphezulu lokuhlakanipha. Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule ukuhlongozwa kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi i-autism ingokwengqondo (okungukuthi, ivela ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo). Omunye wabaphikisi abanamandla kakhulu kulo mqondo kwakuyi-psychotherapist evela e-Austria, uDkt. B. Bettelheim, owasungula umtholampilo wakhe kubantwana baseMelika. Ukukhubazeka ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwane bezenhlalo nabanye, ukuphulwa komsebenzi ngokuphathelene nomhlaba, wahlobanisa nokuthi abazali babephatha kabi ingane yabo, bamcindezela njengomuntu. Okusho ukuthi, ngokuvumelana nale ncazelo, yonke imithwalo yemfanelo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-autism emntwaneni yabekwa kubazali, okuvame ukuba yimbangela yokuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo.

Izifundo zokuqhathanisa, nokho, zabonisa ukuthi izingane ezizimele azilondolozi izimo ezingabalimaza kunezingane ezinempilo, futhi abazali bomntwana onama-autism babevame ukuzinikela futhi banakekele kunabanye abazali. Ngakho-ke, i-hypothesis yemvelaphi yengqondo yalesi sifo kwakudingeka ikhohliwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi abaningi banamuhla bathi izibonakaliso eziningi zemisebenzi yesimiso esaneleyo ezinganeni ezibhekene ne-autism ziye zaphawula. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu kubalobi banamuhla ukuthi i-autism yokuqala ekuqaleni ikholelwa ukuthi inesifo esiyingqayizivele esivela kuyo, lapho isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko siholela khona. Kuningi okucatshangwa mayelana nokuthi lokhu kutholakala kuvela kuphi nokuthi kuphi.

Izifundo ezinzulu manje ziyaqhubeka ukuhlola izinhlinzeko eziyinhloko zalezi zizathu, kodwa iziphetho ezingakahleleki azitholakali. Kukhona ubufakazi obubodwa bokuthi izingane ze-autistic zivame ukuba nezibonakaliso zokungasebenzi kahle kobuchopho, kanye ne-pathologies ye-biochemical metabolism. Lezi zifo zingabangelwa yizimbangela ezihlukahlukene, njengezinto ezingavamile ze-chromosomal, izimo eziphathelene nezakhi zofuzo, izifo ezibangelwa ukubeletha. Futhi, ukwehluleka kwesistimu yezinzwa kungase kuvele ngenxa yomonakalo ohlelweni lwezinzwa eziphakathi, okubangelwa ukuzalwa okunzima noma ukukhulelwa, inqubo yokuqala ye-schizophrenic noma imiphumela ye-neuroinfection.

Usosayensi waseMelika u-E. Ornitz uphenye izici ezingaphezu kuka-20 ezihlukahlukene ze-pathogenic ezingabangela ukuqala kwesifo sikaKhanner. Ukuvela kwe-autism kungabangela nezifo eziningi ezihlukahlukene, njenge-tuberous sclerosis noma i-rubella congenital. Ukufingqa konke okushiwo ngenhla, ochwepheshe abaningi namuhla bakhuluma ngokuphindaphindiwe kwezizathu zokuvela (polytheology) ye-syndrome ebuntwaneni be-autism zakudala futhi ukuthi ibonakala kanjani ematokisini ahlukahlukene kanye ne-polynozology yayo.