Ifa liyadingeka futhi lingenangqondo
Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi uhlelo lwethu lwemfundo ephakeme luzuzwa njengeSoviet Union ngezinguquko ezincane kanye nezengezo. Ngokufanayo, uhlelo lweSoviet lwathola okuningi kusuka eRussia yaseTsarist, kubandakanya iningi labafundisi. Amanyuvesi ase-USSR asebenze isikhathi eside emisebenzini yabantu yasendulo, yangaphambi kokuguqula, kanye nezisekelo zokuziphatha zikaProfesa Preobrazhensky, ngoba kwakungekho ndawo ukuthatha izintsha. Ngakho-ke, endleleni, inhlangano kazwelonke eqondile ye "umuntu wamasiko" nomnikazi we-diploma, nakuba lokhu kulula ngokucacile, ngoba isiko sakhiwa kusukela esemncane, emndenini, futhi ngemva kwalokho - esikoleni, futhi le nsizwa kufanele ifike kumuntu ovuthiwe kakade.
I-diploma yemfundo ephakeme ayikwenzi muntu abe nengqondo
Kodwa imfundo ephakeme yaseSoviet efisa ukufinyeleleka kubo bonke: ngakho-ke isimiso sabasebenzi abaseminyakeni yama-1920, abahamba ngesivinini esheshayo banikeza abasebenzi abasha ulwazi lokuthi abazange bathole esikoleni ukuze bangene eyunivesithi. Khona-ke indima efanayo yadlalwa ezikoleni zasebusuku. Ukungalingani kwamathenda phakathi kwabafundi kwaqedwa: ngakho, ekuqaleni kwempi, ngo-1941, abafundi abangu-58% emayunivesithi ase-USSR babengamantombazane. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kufinyeleleka kwakunezinkinga ezithile. Isibonelo, emhlabeni wonke kukhona ubuhlobo obuqondile phakathi kwemfundo yabazali nezingane: uma ubaba nomama benemfundo ephakeme, ingane ingase ifune ukuyithola futhi umndeni uyomsiza ngazo zonke izindlela.
ESoviet Union, lokhu kuncike ekutheni kwakubuthakathaka kakhulu, futhi abaningi babezibuza ukuthi ngabe kuyadingeka yini ukuba nemfundo ephakeme namhlanje. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi amanyuvesi ayenezinombolo eziningi zezinzuzo ezingxenyeni zomphakathi noma zezwe, isibonelo, kubasebenzi. Ezikhathini ze-post-Soviet, ukuxhomekeka phakathi kwemfundo yabazali nezingane sekuye kwacaca kakhulu. Ngempela, ngisho nangama-1950, labo abafika emanyuvesi bafaka imibuzo ehlanganisa imibuzo mayelana nobuzwe kanye nemvelaphi yomphakathi, kanye nokuthi: "Abazali bakho benzani ngaphambi kuka-1917?" Lesi sici - ukutholakala okubonakalayo okuhambisana nokuxhomeka ngokuqondile ku-social order - uhlelo lwezemfundo lwase-Ukraine luzuze njengefa, kodwa manje ukungalingani kwezenhlalo sekube ukungalingani kwezomnotho.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abasebenzi abathintekayo yini, ukucindezelwa, ukufuduka, ukulamba kanye nezimpi, kunabo "abaqaphi abadala" nabafundi babo abaqondile ukuthi impumelelo yeSayensi yeSoviet ixhunywe kuma-70s. Kodwa uhulumeni omusha wayedinga, okokuqala, isishayamthetho esisha sezombusazwe, futhi ngokuphuthumayo, futhi okwesibili, izakhamuzi ezithembekile, nokuningi. Ngakho-ke, inani lamanyuvesi ezikhathini zaseSoviet landa ngezinga elimangalisayo (isibonelo, kusukela ngo-1927 kuya ku-1930 landa kusuka ku-129 kuya ku-600 - cishe izikhathi ezinhlanu!) Kodwa ngokwezinga eliphezulu, izikhungo zaseyunivesithi zashiya kakhulu. Lokhu kwakukhathazeka ngokukhethekile ngezidingo zomuntu (izazi-zefilosofi, izazi-mlando, izazi-philologists, ezomnotho zabhekana nokucindezelwa), futhi le lag ichaza isithombe hhayi nje kuphela soSayensi yeSoviet kodwa nesayensi ye-post-Soviet: konke okutholakala kwengqondo kanye nemiphakathi, njengemibono emisha, emlandweni kanye ifilosofi, yasungulwa ngaphandle kwethu. Imiphakathi yeSoviet Union yayingekho - kwakukhona izibalo kuphela. Yingakho izifundo ezifanayo emkhakheni wezemfundo zingaphelele - ososayensi abanamininingwane nje.
"Futhi noKolya noVera, omama bobabili banjiniyela"
"I-physicists" e-Soviet Union yayigugu kakhulu "ama-lyricists", nabanikazi bezicelo ezikhethekile - ngaphezu kwabesosayensi bezemfundiso. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi, kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1979, inani labaphothule e-eyunivesithi nge-diploma ye-engineer lenyuka kusuka ku-22 kuya ku-49% yemali ephelele! Ungacabanga cishe ingxenye yezinjini zezwe? Yiqiniso, abaningi babo bashiya i-perestroika yabo ngaphandle komsebenzi. Futhi yonke into yaqala kahle futhi yothando: ukuqala kwenkathi yesikhala, amaphupho ezindiza ze-interstellar, i-athomu enokuthula, ukunqoba kwemvelo ... Kuhle noma kubi, kodwa isayensi yezinganekwane - ngomqondo obanzi - kwakuwumkhuba womphakathi kuma-60s no-70. Yiqiniso, abantu abasha baphupha ngokuziveza "emgqeni wangaphambili" futhi, okwamanje, akwanele kuwo wonke umuntu.
Imithombo yezinguquko ezinkulu ekuqapheliseni komphakathi, noma ngokuqondile nakakhulu isimo sengqondo sayo semfundo ephakeme, kufanelekile ukuphenya ngokunembile eminyakeni "eqhubekayo" kanye ne-perestroika. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ubungako bwanqoba ikhwalithi: izinga lokufundisa emayunivesithi ekugcineni lahlekelwa amandla okuqala kwekhulu leminyaka, lahlehla kakhulu, futhi "ukucindezela kwemininingwane yomuntu" kancane kancane kwaholela ekuhlalisweni kwexabiso lemfundo ngaleyo ndlela. Imindeni ehlakaniphile isalokhu ikholelwa isidingo sokufunda, kodwa iningi laqaphela ukuthi "i-crust" ayidingi ukusekelwa ngolwazi, futhi ngokuqinisekile akusizi ukuphumelela. Lokhu kwakungakabi yinguquko - izinguquko zenzeka kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile.
"Nomaphi lapho ufunda khona, ungafundi"
Ngokusobala ukuthi, "ama-90 adidayo" amakwe ngokungazange kube khona inzalo emfundweni ephakeme: inani lamanyuvesi nabafundi landa izikhathi ezimbili noma ezintathu futhi liyaqhubeka likhula. Into, cishe, ukuthi idiploma yemfundo ephakeme yathembisa okungenani ithuba elincane lokuthola umsebenzi okhokhelwayo kangcono - ngaleso sikhathi babamba futhi hhayi kulowo mshini. Yebo, futhi ukuthengiswa kwamanyuvesi kuholele ekutheni bangeze abafundi abangazange benze imiphumela yokuhlolwa.
Izikhungo eziphakeme zezemfundo nazo zidlala enye indima ebalulekile yomphakathi: "ephephile", lapho abantu abasha 'abangabekwa khona' ngenkathi umsebenzi wabo omkhulu kakhulu, ukuze ungaqondisi amandla awo obundlova emphakathini ongadingekile - isibonelo, emibhikisho yomphakathi, amathuba okuba esikhathini sokuguquka sikhulu. Yiqiniso, lokhu akuzange kusebenze ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa sonke sinawo, kaningi kunaseNtshonalanga, lapho abafundi bekhululekile ukuhlela isikhathi sabo sokufundisa, ngakho-ke bakhululekile futhi. Izimpikiswano zabafundi eYurophu kule minyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye yimidwebo ecacile yalokho amandla omusha akwazi ukukwenza. Kodwa-ke, imfundo yaseSoviet, futhi ngemva kwayo i-Post-Soviet, ihlale ifuna ukushayela abafundi ukuba ibe nesimiso esinzima futhi bagcwalise sonke isikhathi sabo ngemithwalo engapheliyo. Esiphephelweni esinjalo umfundi, ikakhulukazi ukucabanga nokuzibophezela, kuphephile kwabanye.
Umsebenzi "ophephile" wamanyuvesi wawubalulekile kithi futhi ngoba kubantu abasha ukutadisha kusho ukuhlehliswa okuvela ebusweni obungavamile, futhi amantombazane anikeza ithuba lokushada ngempumelelo (akuyona ingozi, kuthiwa, cishe wonke ama-philafs abizwa ngokuthi "amandla omakoti") futhi ngokuvamile, imfundo kanye nokuqeda. Ngelinye igama, yonke imisebenzi yesibili yemfundo ephakeme iye yavela ngaphambili, ngokusindiswa koyinhloko. "Nomaphi lapho ufunda khona, uma nje ungafundi," - abaningi abatholayo bangena kulo mgomo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho , uhlelo lwezemfundo ephakeme luhlale lubhekene nemiphumela ejwayelekile yalezi zinto noma lezo zinto ezikhethekile: uma ukuwa kweSoviet Union kwashiya amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinjini ngaphandle kokuphila, kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane, abameli kanye nezintatheli azidingeki neze. Ekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi leminyaka yekhulu lama-21, sibhekane nenye inkinga - inkinga yabantu. Kwase kuyisikhathi sokufaka izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ezinganeni ezazalwa engxenyeni yokuqala yama-90, futhi lokhu kwakuyisikhathi "sezintambo". Kunabantu abaningi abangenele kunamanye amanyuvesi, okungukuthi, imfundo yethu iphakanyiswa ngokusemthethweni, kodwa leli qiniso alikhuthazi ithemba. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukwehliswa kwesidingo esikhathini esizayo kuzoholela ekunciphiseni kokunikezwa.
E-Ukraine, izikhungo ezingaphezu kuka-900 zezifundo ezinezinga lokugunyazwa kwe-III - IV. Lokhu kungaphezu kokudingekile. Uma lo mkhuba uqhubeka, khona-ke esikhathini esizayo singalindela ukuhlaziywa kwemfundo ephakeme, futhi abaqashi ngeke banake idiploma, kodwa kwezinye izici. Futhi kungaba yinto: ubulili, iminyaka, ezombusazwe noma ezenzweni zobulili ... Empeleni, lo mkhuba usuvele ubonakala: izimemezelo eziningi zemisebenzi zidinga abafaki izicelo hhayi nje ngamadiploma, kodwa amadiploma ezinkampani ezithile zemfundo ezihlala zijabulela igunya. Abanye abaqashi bakhetha ukukhetha, bathi, labo abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-35 (nakuba abantu asebekhulile bangathola imfundo ephakeme kakhulu) noma izakhamuzi zesifunda esithile.
Sibhekana ubuso nobuso: kakade akusizi ngalutho ukuthola idiploma ngenxa yediploma ngokwayo. Ukufunda akuyona yonke into hhayi yonke into. Futhi imfundo kufanele ihluke - iguquke kakhulu futhi iguqulelwe izidingo ngisho nanamuhla kodwa kusasa. Kusuka ku "zapendi" kufanele kube khona ukuphuma. Sesihlezi kuso isikhathi eside kakhulu.