Ukunciphisa noma ukungabikho kokuzwa okunjalo kuhambisana nokuwohloka okuphawulekayo esimweni somuntu othembekile. Umuntu onomlutha wokulutha izidakamizwa uzimisele ukuthola injabulo ekudleni izidakamizwa ezenza ukwephulwa kokulingana kwamakhemikhali ebuchosheni. Ukusabela kwesimiso sezinzwa ku-stimulus kunciphisa isikhathi, okuholela ekwakhiweni kokubekezelelana-isidingo sokwandisa umthamo ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela oyifunayo.
I-withdrawal syndrome
Ukuqedwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kuhambisana nokubonakaliswa kwezimpawu ezehlukene ezixhomeke kuhlobo lomuthi:
- psychostimulants - ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukulala isikhathi eside;
- izinxushunxushu - ukukhathazeka, ukuthuthumela, ukuxubha;
- C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C +
- heroin - izimpawu ezihlukahlukene ezingokomqondo nezingokomzimba.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokuxhomekeka kwamakhemikhali kuthinteka eziningana zezici zengqondo, kufaka phakathi izimfanelo zobuhlakani nezomuntu siqu:
- izifiso ezimbi - zingavela, isibonelo, ekuhlanganiseni ukubhema nokudla;
- izimfanelo zomuntu siqu - izici ezichazayo zifana nesidingo sokugqugquzela kanye nohlobo lokubhekana nezinkinga;
- izici zenhlalakahle - ekubunjweni kokuthembela indima enkulu edlalwa ngamaphethini wokuziphatha avunyelwe endaweni eqondene nomphakathi.
Abantu abaningi abasebenzisa izidakamizwa bangabantu abasha, ngokuvamile abesilisa. Isimo esivamile siwukuthuthukiswa kwangaphambilini kokuxhomeka emithini yemithi "eyamukelekayo emphakathini" - utshwala kanye ne-nicotine, ngezinye izimo ezisebenzisa inambuzane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezidakamizwa ezinzima kakhulu. Ngokuvamile into yokuxhomeka kuyisimo semithi yamakhemikhali evunyelwe (i-nicotine, utshwala noma itiye eqinile nekhofi) noma ivinjelwe (inambuzane, i-heroin). Izinto ezivame kakhulu ezivinjelwe yi-marijuana. Ngokwezibalo, iningi labantu abasha abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-25 okungenani kanye nokuphila kwabo bazama inambuzane. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ecstasy, i-LSD ne-cocaine esikhathini sethu sekube yinto yokuthola intsha.
Umlando
Inkinga yokuthembela kwamakhemikhali sekukhona isikhathi eside. Emakhulwini e-XVII-XVIII, ukuphuza iwayini kwakuphephe kunokusebenzisa amanzi ajwayelekile. Phakathi nekhulu le-XIX, i-opium ingathengwa esitolo sokudla. Phakathi neminyaka engu-50-60 yekhulu lokugcina, izidakamizwa ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu kwakuyi-amphetamines, eyayivame ukushiwo ngezizathu zezokwelapha, kanye nama-barbiturates. Ngo-1975, ukuphakama kokusetshenziswa kokuthula, ukuguqulwa nokuvuselela kwaqala. Njengamanje, odokotela abavamile ukubeka lezi zidakamizwa ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuba bathuthukise umlutha nokuthembela.
Imithi yokuzijabulisa evinjelwe ihlanganisa:
- i-psychostimulants (amphetamines, ecstasy, inambuzane ne-cocaine);
- iziqu zokuthula (ama-barbiturates, ama-neuroleptics, i-heroin);
- i-hallucinogens (i-LSD).
Umehluko phakathi kokusetshenziswa nokuhlukunyezwa (ngokuphathelene nezidakamizwa ezingokomthetho noma ezingekho emthethweni), ikakhulu, izinga lokuxhomeka kanye nemiphumela engaba khona yokwamukelwa kwabo. Kuyinto evamile ukukhuluma ngokuhlukunyezwa ezimweni lapho izidakamizwa ze-narcotic zisetshenziselwa ezinye izinjongo futhi zingaphansi komuntu siqu. Abaningi bazovuma ukuthi ukuhlukumeza kungacatshangwa lapho, ngenxa yokuphuza utshwala, umuntu kanye nemvelo yakhe banezinkinga ezibonakalayo noma ezenhlalo.
Izimpawu zokulutha izidakamizwa
Abantu abaxhomeke kwezodakamizwa bangasebenzisa izidakamizwa eziningana ezehlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izimpawu zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezivamile zingabandakanya izinguquko ekuziphatheni, ukugabuka okukhulu, ukufihla, ukucasula, ukuguquguquka kwemizwelo, ukungabi nesifiso sokudla, ukulahleka kwesithakazelo ekufundeni nasekuzijabuliseni. Yiqiniso, lezi zimpawu zingaba nezinye izimbangela. Isibonakaliso esicacile singabamba ngokunciphisa abafundi, kanye nokugcinwa kwezinsiza nezinaliti. Ngemva kokuthola ukuthi ingane yakho isebenzisa izidakamizwa, kubalulekile ukuthi 'ungabhondi induku'. S C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
Ukwelapha
Into esabekayo ixhomeke kwizidakamizwa, izindlela zokunqoba zihlinzekwa ezihlukahlukene. Uhlelo lwezokwelapha lwenziwa ngokubambisana nodokotela. Ukuze ulungise izifo zokuziphatha ezihlobene nokuthatha izidakamizwa, ungadinga usizo lochwepheshe wezengqondo. Uma ukuphazamiseka kwe-somatic kukhula ngenxa yokubhema inambuzane, ukuphuza utshwala noma i-heroin, kuvame ukucela ucingo kwabanye ochwepheshe. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokulungisa ukuthembela kuyisisusa sokugqugquzela umkhuba omubi, ukunikeza ulwazi ngezindlela eziphumelelayo zokuwunqoba, futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukwelapha izidakamizwa. Izinga lokulimala ngokuthatha izidakamizwa lihlukile. Kuxhomeke, ikakhulukazi, ngezici zesenzo sezinto ezisetshenziswayo kanye nezimfanelo zomuntu siqu. Ukubhema kwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu nokuhluleka kwenhliziyo. Ukuphuza utshwala noma utshwala kungaholela emiphumeleni engafanele yomphakathi. Ukuxhomeka kwezidakamizwa kuba yimbangela yezinkinga eziningi. Ukuthembela kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo kwenza umuntu akhohlise, abe nobugovu futhi akwazi ukuxhaphaza abanye.
Izinga lomthelela on psyche lixhomeke kuhlobo lomuthi: inambuzane - kwabanye abantu ukusetshenziswa kwayo akubanga imbangela emibi, kodwa lokhu kuvame ukudala izingozi ezibulalayo. Ukusebenzisa ngokweqile inambuzane kungaholela eziqhingini ze-psychosis eziyingozi. Ши C C Cшиши C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C ku-heroin - ukuthatha lesi sidakamizwa kuhlobene nengozi ephezulu yokufa ngokudlula ngokweqile. Eminye imiphumela ingase ihlanganise izifo zokuphefumula nokuqothulwa. Kodwa-ke, ingozi enkulu ikhona emgwaqweni wokuphatha: ukusetshenziswa kwezilinganiso ezihlanganyelwe kanye nezinaliti kuvame ukuholela ekusakazeni kwezifo, isibonelo i-HIV nesifo sofuba; C C H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
Kukhona ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa bokuthi abantu abasha abahlukumeza izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni ngokuvamile bayazi "izidakamizwa zomthetho" kusenesikhathi. Uma intombazane ingazange ibhekane nokubhema, utshwala noma izidakamizwa ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-18-25, amathuba okusebenzisa esikhathini esizayo kakhulu anciphisa. Ngakho-ke, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela ingaba ukuvimbela ukuphuza kokuqala nokubhema. Kunezikhungo zokuzivumelanisa nomphakathi kubantu abahlukunyezwa ngotshwala. Ukuhlala kuzo kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abangashadile - kubanika ithuba lokushintsha izimpilo zabo ngendlela yokuthi akukho ndawo yokuphuza utshwala kuyo.