Umhlaba
Umhlabathi udlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yezitshalo. Ngenxa ye-microflora yenhlabathi kanye namanyolo e-organic and amaminerali afaka kuwo, iqhubeka njalo. Isakhiwo salo sishintsha, ikhono lokugcina umswakama. Inhlabathi kufanele ibhekwe njengento engabonakali, kodwa njengemvelo ephilayo. Izakhiwo zenhlabathi zixhomeke emgodleni owakhiwa kuwo, kusuka kubhaktheriya, isikhunta kanye nezilwane ezifaka isandla ekwehleni kwezinto eziphilayo ezifakwe kuwo, kusukela ezimila kuwo, kanye nasezimo zezulu.
Izimbali ezihlukahlukene zensimu nezindlu zenza izidingo ezicacile ezakhiweni nezimfanelo zenhlabathi. Ezinye izimbali zikhula futhi zithuthuke kahle emhlabathini onemikhuba engeyona impela. Futhi abanye, baningi, babeka izidingo ezinkulu enhlabathini. Ukuze kuhlungwe izimbali, inhlabathi enzima kakhulu yobumba, lapho, ngemuva kokuvula noma ukuchelela, amanzi aphuze isikhathi eside, azifanelekile ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa kuqala. Futhi nomhlabathi obandayo, onesihlabathi nesihlabathi, lapho isihlabathi namatshe kunqoba khona.
Umkhandlu wokunakekelwa kwezimbali: Qinisekisa ukuthi ukhulula njalo umhlabathi. Ukukhulula umhlabathi kusiza ukugcina umswakama kuwo. Ukuze kube ngcono, izindawo zayo ze-physico-chemical zishintsha, umbuso wamanzi-moya uthuthukisa futhi okuqukethwe kwamagciwane amakhulu kwanda izikhathi eziningana. Futhi ukukhulula kuthinta amanzi, umoya nombuso oshisayo. Ukulima kwenhlabathi kunomthelela ekulawulweni komsebenzi obalulekile wezincane ezincane, okudingekayo ekuguquleni izakhi zibe yizinto ezifakwe izitshalo.
Umquba
Amaminerali amaminerali nama-organic, aqukethe umsoco owodwa noma ngaphezulu ekugxilweni okuphezulu, okwenza kube lula ukuthuthukisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi ngokushesha kakhulu. Futhi, ngenxa yalokho, igalelo ekukhuleni kwemibala yasekhaya. Empeleni, umquba wamaminerali alula, ahlangene, azinzima futhi agxila. Enye yezinzuzo zamanyolo wamaminerali ukuthi kulula ukuzithutha futhi kulula ukungenisa enhlabathini kunezinto eziphilayo.
Umquba we-nitric usebenzisa i-ammonium nitrate, i-ammonium sulfate ne-urea. I-ammonium nitrate iqukethe ama-nitrogen angu-33-34%, ngakho-ke ibhekisela kumanyolo agxile. Ukwethulwa enhlabathini, ihlakazeka kalula futhi isinyathelo masinyane. Cishe ayishintshi ukusabela kwenhlabathi, ngakho-ke isetshenziselwa ukukhulelwa kokubili kwenhlabathi ye-alkaline ne-neutral kanye nenhlabathi ebuthakathaka. I-ammonium sulphate iyancibilika kahle emanzini. Iqukethe cishe i-nitrogen engama-20%. Ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwe-ammonium sulfate, ikakhulukazi emhlabathini olula, kuholela ekuboneni kwabo. Ngakho-ke, uma ubona ukuthi i-acidity yenhlabathi iphakama, i-lime noma isidlo sefu kufanele sengezwe kuyo. Noma uququze ngokuhlanganiswa namanye ama-fertilizer amaminerali anciphisa imiphumela eyingozi ye-ammonium sulfate. Ukwengezwa kwe-ammonium sulfate kanye nomquba nakho kuvimbela inhlabathi. I-urea (i-carbamide) iyona engumanyolo oqinile we-nitrogen fertilizer. Iqukethe 46% i-nitrogen.
Phosphate Umquba . Ngokuvamile, lapho kusetshenzwa imibala yasekhaya, i-powdery ne-superphosphate egciniwe. I-superphosphate ene-powder isimanyolo esheshayo futhi ihlukahluka kuye ngokuthi okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus. I-superphosphate ene-granular iqukethe i-phosphorus engu-20-22% futhi inemvelo engcono kune-phosphorus ephuphumayo. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukondla izimbali ekhaya kufanele unikezwe kuye okuthandayo. Ufulawa lwe-Bone luqukethe i-phosphorus engu-29-34%, i-1.2-1.7% i-nitrogen kanye ne-45% ye-calcium (i-limestone). Isetshenziselwa ukucwilisa inhlabathi enamandla. Muva nje, sekusetshenzisiwe kancane. I-potassium chloride, i-potassium sulfate kanye nomlotha wemifino yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zomanyolo we- potassium ezikhulayo. I-potassium chloride iqukethe u-54-62.5% we-potassium. Ezinye izinhlobo zezimbali azibekezeleli i-potassium chloride, njengoba zenze ukwanda komzwelo ku-ilor chlorine emhlabathini. I-potassium sulphate iqukethe i-potassium engama-45 no-52%. Umlotha wemifino uqukethe inani elihlukile le-potassium, elihluka phakathi kuka-20 no-30% kuye ngokuthi izitshalo zitholakala kuphi. Okuqukethwe kwe-potassium kuxhomeke kwisilinganiso sokushisa kwezitshalo: ngcono ukuthi bashisa, kuphakama okuqukethwe kwe-potassium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuncike endleleni u-ash egcinwa ngayo. Umlotha onemvula ungampofu e-potassium.
Ama-fertilizer e-organic ayenziwa kangcono yizitshalo. Kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi iqukethe ukungabi nalutho kwezakhi ezithile. Ngakho-ke, umanyolo ovuthiwe uvame ukondliwa ngamaminerali omanyolo. Ama-organic fertilizer afaka umquba, umquba, i-peat kanye namalungiselelo asekelwe kuwo. Enye ingakhi ingasetshenziswa: amaqabunga aphelile, inaliti, sapropel, njll.
Kuyini umanyolo? I-microelements equkethwe kumanyolo iyadingeka ngokuphelele ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukiseni izitshalo. Kanye nezakhi eziyisisekelo (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium), izimbali zasekhaya zidinga ezinye izakhi eziningi. Njenge: boron, ibhomu, i-chlorine, i-aluminium, insimbi, i-iodine, i-silicon, i-magnesium, ithusi, i-molybdenum, i-sodium, isulfure, i-zinc. Ziyadingeka ezinani ezincane kangaka ukuthi ngokuvamile azikhohlisi ukusetshenziswa kweziquleji.
UMkhandlu wokunakekelwa kwezimbali: Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwethula umquba ohlukahlukene, udinga ukwazi imithetho yokuwaxuba. Uma ukuxuba kungalungile, kutholakala umphumela omubi, ngoba ama-insoluble compounds avela, okunciphisa umphumela wezinto ezithile. Isibonelo, akukhuthazwa ukuxuba i-superphosphate ne-calcium nitrate. Indlela elula yokusebenzisa umquba owenziwe ngomumo ephaketheni elihle, elenzelwe izinhlobo ezithile zezimbali. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kuyinto ebiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho ukhula inqwaba yezimbali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuncike ekutheni i-acidity yenhlabathi, ukwakheka kwayo nokuvumelana kwayo.
Ukulungiselela ingxube yomhlaba yokutshala izimbali ekhaya
Into yokuqala okudingeka ukwazi ukuthi uma ukhula izimbali ezinamanzi yilokho uhlelo lwesitshalo lwezitshalo lukhula emvelweni omncane wenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi kumele ibe nocebile ezakhiweni namabhaktheriya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga futhi ukwazi ukuthi izimbali zommbila zibeka njalo izidingo eziphakeme emhlabathini kunezimbali ezikhulile emhlabathini ovulekile. Ngokuvamile, ukuze izimbali zasendlini nezindawo zokushisa ezikhulayo zikhule ezikhungweni noma ezigodini, ukuxubana kwenhlabathi yensimu kulungiselelwe kucatshangelwa izici nezidingo zezinhlobo ezithile zemikhaya yasekhaya. Kungenzeka ukuthi uqaphele izinhlobo ezilandelayo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomhlaba wegadi kanye nezinsizakalo zomuntu ngamunye: umhlaba we-sod, umhlaba weqabunga, umhlaba we-peat, u-greenhouse (humus) umhlaba, umhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba, umhlaba wegadi, umhlaba wezinkuni, i-pine bark, i-perlite, isihlabathi somfula, i-moss, amalahle achotshoziwe nabanye.
Umhlaba we-sod ubaluleke kakhulu njengengxenye ebamba iqhaza cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomxube womhlaba. Ngenxa yobuningi bemifucumfucu yesitshalo kuwo, i-porous and rich in nutrients, kodwa ijwayele ukuhambisana. Umhlaba ongcolile ulula, ukhululekile futhi ucebile kakhulu ezakhiweni. Itholakala ngenxa yama pereprevaniya amaqabunga awa phansi emithini ye-coniferous neyezinhlanzi. Liyasetshenziswa kakhulu ekutheni i-floriculture, ikakhulukazi ekutshaleni izitshalo ezingakubekezeli umquba. Umhlabathi ongcolile ohlangene ne-turf emhlabathini kufanelekile ukutshala eziningi zezimbali ezinamanzi. Futhi kufanelekile ukuhlwanyela imbewu ethile, njengembewu yaseBeonia, i-gloxinia. Enhlanganisweni nenhlabathi ye-peat nesihlabathi, ishintsha indawo ephelele ye-heath. Izwe elingenalutho, elithathwe emahlathini okuthiwa yi-coniferous, linomsindo we-acid, ngakho-ke lisetshenziselwa ukutshala i-azalea, abanturium. I-litter evela emaqabunga e-poplar, i-willow, i-oki kanye nezinye izihlahla zinezinga elibi, ngakho akufanele lisetshenziswe. I-Peatland ilula, ikhululekile futhi inomsoco. Itholakala ngenxa yokwehla kwe-peg peat futhi isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izimfanelo zenye izinhlobo zezwe. Inani layo lokudla okunomsoco aliphezulu kakhulu. Ukwethulwa kwe-peat enhlabathini kwandisa ubuningi bawo.
I- greenhouse land iyinhlanganisela yomquba owenziwe ngokuphelele, osetshenziselwa ukushisa izakhiwo zokugcina izithombo zokulala, futhi wathululela kuwo umhlaba lapho izithombo zanda khona. Umhlaba wokushisa unqwabelwe yizinqwaba, njenge-compost, futhi emva kwesikhashana sekulungele ukusetshenziswa. Lenza ngcono izakhiwo zomzimba nezomakhemikhali zomxube wehlabathi, ingasetshenziswa futhi ukutshala umhlaba ovulekile. Izwe likaHeather lilula kakhulu futhi likhululekile, licebile izakhi. Itholakala ngenxa yokubola kwezitshalo ezithile zomndeni waseVereskov. Njengoba kunzima ukuwuthola, kuyabiza kakhulu. Ingasuswa ngokuphelele yingxube yezingxenye ezine ze-peat, izingxenye ezimbili zamaqabunga omhlaba kanye nengxenye eyodwa yesihlabathi. Umhlaba wezithelo zensimu uthathwe emasimini lapho izitshalo zensimu zanda khona, okwakuthiwa zifakwe umanyolo ngamakhomikhali e-organic and mineral. Ivunwa ekwindla ngemuva kokuvuna, futhi isilonda esilula kuphela sisetshenziswa. Izwe elinomhlabathi litholakala ezigqinini zokhuni ezibolile, iziqu, amafindo, izinkuni zokhuni kanye nothuli oluvela emlonyeni womuthi omdala. Ezindaweni zayo, siseduze nepheshana, kepha lisetshenziselwa kancane kancane, njengoba lidala ukwanda kwe-asidi. Kufaneleka ngama-orchid akhula, ama-fern kanye nabamele bromelgea yomndeni. Muva nje, izitolo zithengiswa umhlaba, "zicutshungulwa" yizibungu zaseCalifornia .
Umkhandlu wokunakekelwa kwezimbali: engeza emhlabathini ngaphambi kokutshala amalahle aqoshiwe. Inani elincane lamakhaza achotshoziwe lithatha umswakama obuningi ovela enhlabathini. Futhi-ke, ngokuntuleka komswakama, kuwubuyisela emuva, ngaleyo ndlela uvikela inhlabathi ukuthi ingaboni.
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezibalwe umhlaba wegadi kanye nama-substrates ngendlela ehlanzekile kuphela amahlamvu, i-heather ne-peat asetshenziselwa ukuhlwanyela imbewu encane (u-begonia, gloxinia). Futhi futhi isihlabathi kanye ne-perlite - ngokuqothulwa kwezinhlanzi ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala yendlu. Uma uthemba umkhiqizi, ungathenga ukuxuba okwenziwe ngomhlabathi okwenziwe ngomumo. Kodwa-ke, ngenani elikhulu lezimbali ezikhulile, ukuthenga akusizi eshibhile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abakhiqizi abahambisani nomthamo wamanyolo wamaminerali, okulimaza kakhulu ukukhula kombala wekhaya. Futhi ngokuba ingxube yebumba elungiselelwe ngezandla zakhe, ungavuma!
Ungashintsha kanjani izimbali zakho zasekhaya
Izitshalo zishintshwa kanje. Ngokwezidingo zezinhlobo zezilwane, lungiselela ingxube edingekayo ezinhlobonhlobo zemifino yasensimini, ehambelaniswe kangangokuthi iyancipha lapho icindezelwe esandleni. Ukuze uqinisekise ukugeleza okuhle emiphakathini, sebenzisa ama-shards nesihlabathi esinamafutha. Ezitokisini lapho kuzodingeka zifakwe khona, umsele wenziwa ngendlela elandelayo: emgodini wokugeleza ngaphansi kwebhodlela i-crock ibekwa eceleni kwe-convex kuze kube yileli zinga isitshalo esilungisiwe se-river grained.
Ngokufakelwa okungaphelele ngenduku ekhonjiwe, ngokukhululeka ukhulule futhi ususe ungqimba womhlaba, futhi inhlabathi ezungeze izimpande iphukile kancane futhi igxotshwe yiqanda lembiza. I-drainage endala ibuye ihlanzwe. Uma kunezimpande ezibolile ezihlotsheni, khona-ke ziyakwazi ukusika izicubu eziphilayo. Emgodini olungiselelwe ebhodweni, uthele umquba womhlabathi onomsoco, bese usitshala phakathi komkhumbi ukuze i-collar yezimpande ibe yi-1 cm ngaphansi komkhawulo wamabhodlela. Uma intamo ingaphezu komphetho ongenhla wesitsha, khona-ke isitshalo sisusiwe futhi ingxenye yomhlaba othulisiwe isusiwe. Uma iphansi kakhulu, bese ungeze umhlaba owengeziwe. Isikhala phakathi kwe-clod nodonga lobhodwana sigcwele umhlaba wokudla okunomsoco, futhi izikhathi eziningana zicindezelwe iminwe yezandla zombili kanye nenani elisha lomhlabathi lengeziwe. Uma lesi sitshalo sidluliselwa esikebheni sobukhulu obukhulu, khona-ke umhlabathi ubanjwe ngesikhonkwane esicacile. Izitsha ezinezitshalo ezifakelwe izitshalo azange zigcwale umhlaba phezulu, ukuze ziphuze. Izitshalo ezitshalisiwe ziphuziswa kakhulu futhi zigcinwe emakamelweni afudumele, amancane aphethwe umoya omanzi, lapho ekhona ngesikhathi sokuqothula, lapho kunconywa ukuthi kuphethwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngamanzi.
Uma ukhula izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo, ukuguqulwa kwesisetshenziswa kuyasetshenziswa. Ukushintshwa komzimba kuyindlela eseduze nokufakelwa kabusha, okumele kusetshenziswe izikhathi eziningana phakathi nonyaka owodwa okhulayo ngokuphathelene nezitshalo ezikhula ngokushesha, ukuze zibe namandla, athuthuke kahle. Umehluko phakathi kokufakelwa kwesitshalo nokuguqulwa kwezinguquko ukuthi uma ngesikhathi sokufakelwa kabusha ingxenye enkulu noma encane yomhlaba, futhi ngezinye izikhathi yingxenye yezimpande, kufanele isuswe, ngakho-ke ngesikhathi sokuhamba komhlaba umhlaba ogcwele izimpande uhlala ungaphazamiseki futhi udluliselwa ngokuphelele emkhunjini omusha. Inqubo yokuguqulwa kwezimbali ifana neyindlela yokufakelwa kabusha. Ngemuva kokushintshwa kwezitshalo, izitshalo zigcinwa ezimweni ezifanayo njengangaphambili, futhi kuphela ngelanga elinamandla kakhulu yi-pritenyayut
UMkhandlu wokunakekelwa kwezimbali: Ngokudluliselwa kwamanye amazwe, ngezinga elithile, kungenzeka ukulawula isikhathi sokutshala kwezimbali. Ngenani elikhulu lokushintshwa kwezimoto, izimbali zihamba kancane, futhi ezincane - ezisheshayo. Ukunyuka kwenani lezinguquko kuholela ekhiqizweni kwezitshalo ezinamandla futhi ezinamandla.
Ngenxa amathiphu ayisisekelo ekunakekeleni imibala yasekhaya, ungakhula izitshalo ezinhle futhi ezinomnandi ngempela. Uma izimbali zitshalwe ngokungalungile, khona-ke kusukela ekunakekelweni okuqhubekayo kuyoba nomqondo ongenangqondo!