Amafomu wezinombolo
Njengoba i-asthma iyisifo sezindiza, inhalation yindlela engcono kakhulu yokuletha izidakamizwa endaweni. Kunemithi eminingana yomlomo esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-asthma, kodwa amafomu okungafaki ukufaka inhalation enza isisekelo sokwelapha. Indlela enengqondo kakhulu ibhekwa njengokwelashwa, ngokusekelwe kwesabelo sesiguli esifundeni esithile ngokwezinga elinyukayo noma elinciphisa inkinga yesigaba sesifo kanye nokuqokwa kwezifo ezifanele. Izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yokwelapha nezindlela zokusetshenziswa kwazo zihlanganisa:
■ bronchodilator (bronchodilator) - ngesicelo;
■ i-bronchodilator ehlangene nokulungiselela ukukhanya ukuvikela ukuhlaselwa (cromoglycate sodium noma umthamo omncane wesidakamizwa steroid); Ku-bronchodilator kuhlanganiswe nokulungiswa okulula kokuvimbela ukuqubuka kanye ne-bronchodilator yesikhathi eside; i-bronchodilator ehlangene nomthamo ophezulu wezidakamizwa ukuvimbela ukugubha kanye ne-bronchodilator ende. Kukhona amadivaysi amaningi ahlukene, inhloso yawo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulethwa kwezidakamizwa okuphezulu kunendawo ezenzakalweni zomoya.
I-inhaler yokudosa
Lapho kusetshenziselwa i-inhaler-dose inhaler, umthamo othize wezidakamizwa ungena emzimbeni ngendlela ye-aerosol. Izinkinga eziyinhloko zale ndlela ziwumphumela wesidakamizwa emzimbeni we-throat kanye nobunzima bokuxhumanisa ukufaka inhalation nokusebenza kwe-inhaler. Ngosizo lwe-inhaler ene-metered kanye ne-spacer ehlanganiswe kuyo, imithi ihanjiswa ekamelweni elikhethekile lapho lihanjiswa khona ngomlomo nge-valve, nakumadivayisi wezingane ezincane-ngokusebenzisa umfakisicelo we-mask ebuso. Ngakho-ke, inkinga yokubambisana kokuphefumula nokucindezeleka ixazululwa, okwenza le ndlela yokuletha izidakamizwa ilula futhi isetshenziswe futhi isebenze. Kukhona futhi ama-inhaler e-powder ahlinzeka ngokukhipha ngokuqondile kwesidakamizwa ngokusebenzisa i-membrane emangcwabeni yepheshana lokuphefumula. Zihloselwe ukusetshenziselwa izingane ezifunda esikoleni kanye neqembu elidala.
I-Nebulizer
Ama-nebulizers aphendule imithi yamanzi ibe i-aerosol ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya ocindezelwe noma oksijini omsulwa. Zikulungele ukusingatha futhi zihloselwe, okokuqala, ukuthola ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo okweqile kwe-asthma ye-bronchial esibhedlela nasehhovisi lika-general practitioner. Ekuhlaselweni okunzima kakhulu kwe-asthma, ukujova okune-bronchodilator kuyadingeka ukwandisa imimoya yomoya. Ngokuvamile, i-aminophylline isetshenziswa kulezi zimo, nakuba ezinye izifundo zincoma ukusetshenziswa kwe-salbutamol. Uma isimo sesiguli esinokuhlaselwa kwesifo se-asthma esibi akuthuthuki, naphezu kokwelashwa okuphezulu, kungenziwa isidingo sokuphuza umoya. Ezigulini ezinezimpawu ezinzima kakhulu kubalulekile ukukhipha i-pneumothorax (ukuwa kwephaphu ngenxa ye-ingress yomoya emoyeni we-pleural) ngokufeza i-X-ray esifubeni. Iziguli ezincane ezine-asthma ezisongela impilo zidinga ukuphathwa ekliniki yokunakekela izingane. Izinhlobo eziningana zemithi zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-asthma. I-bronchodilators inikeza ukukhululeka kwezibonakaliso ngokuphumula imisipha ebushelelezi, iphefumula; I-Corticosteroids ivimbela ukuwa, ukucindezela ukuvuvukala. Phakathi nokuhlaselwa kwe-asthmatic, ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwenzeka ezingeni leselula. Indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni lesi sifo idlala uhlobo oluthile lwe-leukocytes - T-lymphocytes. Ukukhuthazwa kwala maseli kuholela ekukhululweni kwamaprotheni akhethekile - ama-cytokines, asebenze amanye amaseli, ikakhulukazi ama-eosinophil. Le ndlela iyimbangela eyinhloko yokungahambi kahle kwe-air in asthma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqaliswa kwamaseli amancane, okuholela ekukhululweni kwamakhemikhali njengemlando ye-histamine, ebangela ukuvuvukala komzila wokuphefumula.
Ukuphumula kwemisipha ebushelelezi ye-bronchi
Ukwehlukaniswa kwemisipha ebushelelezi yendlela yokuphefumula ilawulwa yi-receptors kwi-membrane yamaseli omzimba; okubaluleke kunazo zonke (i-52-adrenergic kanye ne-acetylcholine receptors) .Ukugqugquzela (kwe-receptors kuholela ekuphucululeni imisipha, kanti umphumela we-acetylcholine receptors ubangela ukunciphisa kwawo.) Izidakamizwa ezivuselela (32-receptors (p2-agonists) noma ukuvimbela ama-acetylcholine receptors (abaphikisi be-acetylcholine), banomphumela wokuphumula emathanjeni emisipha wephefumula, ngaleyo ndlela bekhipha izimpawu zesifo sofuba.Ukubaluleka okubalulekile ekwelapheni kwe-asthma ye-bronchial kunezigaba ezingama-32 (agonists angu-32, isibonelo, i-salbutamol.
Ukususwa kwenqubo yokuvuvukala
Ukuze uxazulule inkinga yokuhlaselwa kwe-asthmatic, akwanele nje ukuphumula imisipha ebushelelezi ye-bronchi, ngoba i-lumen airway izohlala igxilile ngenxa yokuvuvukala kwebhubhisi elimangalisa. I-Corticosteroids ithinta izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zamaselula ezihilelekile ku-asthma, okuholela ekususweni kwempendulo yokuvuvukala. Lezi zidakamizwa zisebenza ngokuvimbela, futhi hhayi ukuyeka ukugubha, umphumela uqala ngamahora ambalwa, ngakho-ke kufanele uthathwe njalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimpawu ziphi. Akukwazi ukufakazela ngokucacile ukuthi ukugcinwa okuqinile kombuso ofanelekile kungavimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwesifuba kubantu abathintekayo. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukunciphisa izimpawu zesifo esivele sithuthukile, uma sinciphisa ithonya lezici ezilandelayo zemvelo.
Uthuli lwasekhaya
Amathikithi ahlala emthunzini wendlu akungabazeki ukuthi ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke zokuqala kwezimpawu ezinganeni eziningi. Eqinisweni, kunzima ngempela ukunciphisa inani lomhlabathi othuliweyo, noma kunjalo, umndeni we-asthmatic kunconywa ukuthi ususe amaphepheni kanye namathoyizi athambile ukusuka endaweni yokuhlala, futhi wenze nokuhlanza okumanzi nsuku zonke.
Ukubhema okungahambi kahle
In smoke ugwayi ezindaweni eziphakeme ziqukethe amakhemikhali acasula umuthi wokuphefumula. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lufakazela ukuxhumana phakathi kokubhema kwabazali kanye nokwanda kwamanxeba okugonywa kwabantwana babo.
Izilwane ezifuyiwe zivunyelwe
Ezinye izingane ezine-asthma zizwela kakhulu ezinxenyeni zezilwane ezifuywayo, ikakhulukazi amakati nezinja. Kodwa-ke, ukukhipha isilwane kungaba yisimo esibuhlungu kakhulu futhi kuyodinga ingxoxo enengqondo kodwa ekholisayo nengane.
Imikhiqizo yokudla
Kunezinhlobo ezithile zokudla ezingabangela ukuhlasela kwe-asthma.