Imfundo enonya njengenkinga yezokwelapha nezenhlalakahle

I-oncology iyinkambu yezokwelapha ekhuluma ngokutadisha nokuphathwa kwezimo eziphuzayo ezingathandeki. I-oncologist isebenza namanye ochwepheshe ukuze baphathe iziguli ezinezinambuzane, bezama ukubanika ithuba elingcono lokusinda. I-oncology ibhekisela ekuhlukaneni kwemithi, ehlola izimbangela zokuqala, ezemvelo nezentuthuko kanye nezindlela zokwelapha izicubu. I-tumor embi kwenzeka lapho ukulawulwa kwezinqubo zemvelo zesigaba sezinhlelo ezilawulwayo kungalawulwa, ngenxa yokuthi ukukhula nokuvuselelwa kwezicubu kuvame ukuvela. Lokhu kuholela ekwandiseni okungalawulwa kwenani lamaseli angavamile akhula abe amathisheni aphilile futhi awabhubhise. I-tumor ingenzeka kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-neoplasms ngokuvamile ziholela ekufeni. Imfundo engalungile, njengenkinga yezokwelapha nezenhlalakahle - isihloko sesihloko.

Izimbangela zezicubu ezimbi

I-neoplasm eyingozi ingenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Noma kunjalo, iningi labo litholakala kubantu abadala kuneminyaka engama-50. Ngokuvamile, umdlavuza ukhula kancane kancane eminyakeni eminingi ngaphansi kwethonya lokuhlanganiswa kwemvelo, izidlo, ukuziphatha nokufa. Izimbangela zokubonakala kwezicubu aziqondakali ngokugcwele, noma kunjalo, kwaziwa ukuthi izici ezithile zokuphila zinganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuthuthukisa iningi lezifo zomdlavuza. Isibonelo, ukuyeka ukubhema, ukudla okunempilo nokuzivocavoca okulinganisela kunciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza ngezingaphezu kuka-60%.

Intuthuko emithi

Ukuxilongwa kokuqala kanye nokwelashwa kwezicubu ezimbi kakhulu kwandisa amathuba okusinda isiguli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko yanamuhla ekuboneni izindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwazo yanciphise ukufa futhi inika ithemba ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ezingcono zokwelapha esikhathini esizayo. Emashumini eminyaka edlule, ukutholakala komdlavuza kwashiya ithemba elincane lokusinda, njengoba kwakungenalo ulwazi olwanele mayelana nesimo salesi sifo nendlela yokulwela ngokuphumelelayo. Namuhla emazweni athuthukile afika ku-60% kuzo zonke iziguli zomdlavuza ziphila iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuhlaselwa okuqhubekayo. Isitho ngasinye sinezinhlobo eziningana zezicubu. Izifo eziningi ezibulalayo zivela kwenye yezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezicubu - epithelial, connective noma hematopoietic.

• I-carcinoma iyisisu esibi esivela ezicubu ze-epithelial (izicubu ezibeka phezu kwesikhumba kanye nezibilini zamalungu angaphakathi - isibonelo, amaphaphu, isisu nesisu esikhulu). Amaphesenti angama-90 kuwo wonke amacala amathumba amabi yi-carcinoma.

• I-Sarcoma ivela ezicubu ezixhunyiwe, ezibandakanya imisipha, amathambo, izicubu ezinomzimba kanye namafutha. I-Sarcomas ayitholakali kangcono kunezinhlavu, i-accounting kuphela ngo-2% wezicubu ezimbi.

• I-leukemia ivela emthonjeni we-hematopoietic, futhi i-lymphomas ivela ku-lymphatic.

I-neoplasm engathandeki ijwayele ukutholakala lapho isiguli sibheka izimpawu ezingavamile bese sihlolisisa uchwepheshe. Ngemva kokufunda i-anamnesis futhi eqhuba ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela, udokotela uhlola izimpawu futhi uqondise isiguli esikhungweni se-oncology ukuze aqhubeke nokuhlolwa. Lapho kutholakala umdlavuza, kunezindlela eziningana ezisetshenziselwa ukwahlulela ukutholakala noma ukungabikho kwenqubo yesifo emzimbeni.

Lokhu kufaka:

• izindlela zokugcina, ukuvumela ukuhlola izingaphakathi zangaphakathi zomzimba;

• ukuhlolisisa i-laboratory;

• Izindlela zokucabanga (ikhomputha ye-computer ne-magnetic resonance).

Uma kutholakala isisu, i-oncologist itusa i-biopsy ngokuthatha isampula encane yezicubu, ehlolwe ngaphansi kwe-microscope ukuze ubone ukuthi i-tumor iyingozi yini noma ayikho embi. Uma i-tumor iyingozi, isiteji senqubo ye-tumor sinqunywa.

Izindlela zokwelapha

I-oncology yanamuhla inezindlela eziningi zokwelapha ama-neoplasms ezimbi. Ukuzikhethela kwabo kuxhomeke kuhlobo lwesisu kanye nesigaba sesifo. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokwelapha kwi-oncology yizi:

• ukungenelela okuhlinzayo - kuhlanganisa amasu okuhlinza laser kanye namancane;

• I-Immunotherapy - izindlela ezihlose ukugqugquzela ukuvivinya umzimba komzimba noma ukusebenzisa ama-antibodies ukuze zithinte ngqo umdlavuza wamangqamuzana;

• ukwelapha i-hormone - ukusetshenziswa kwamahomoni ukulwa nezicubu ezimbi;

• Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa - ukusetshenziswa kwemisebe ionizing ukubhubhisa isisu;

• I-Chemotherapy - ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezinamandla ezithintekayo.

Ukwelashwa okuhlanganisiwe

Lapho ukwelashwa umdlavuza, kuvame ukuba nesidingo sokuhlanganiswa kwezindlela ezimbalwa (isibonelo, ukuhlinzwa noma i-radiotherapy elandelwa ukushintshwa kwamakhemikhali). Uma kwenzeka ukutholakala kokuqala kwesisu nokungabikho kwamathambo, ukwelashwa okuhlinzekwayo ngokuvamile kunikeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane, isibonelo, umlomo womlomo wesibeletho, i-larynx nomdlavuza wesikhumba, amasu okuhlinzwa amancane (okungukuthi, ukuhlinza laser) angasetshenziswa. Kwezinye izimo, ukwelashwa noma ukwelashwa okunye kwenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yokuphila kwesiguli noma ukuqeda izimpawu ezingathandeki, ngisho noma lokhu kunganiki ithuba lokubuyiselwa. Le therapy ibizwa ngokuthi i-palliative. Ngokungafani nokuhlinzwa, ukwelapha imishanguzo kungaphazamisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza osakazeke ezithombeni ezizungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubaguli asebekhulile noma ababuthakathaka, le ndlela ngokuvamile ihambisana nenengozi engaphansi kokuhlinzwa.