Ithambo elivuthiwe liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-osteoid (i-matrix ephilayo) ne-hydroxyapatite (i-substance inorganic substance). I-osteoid iqukethe ngokuyinhloko iphrotheni ye-collagen. I-Hydroxyapatite - into eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa i-calcium, i-phosphate (amakhemikhali acidic phosphoric acid) namaqembu e-hydroxyl (OH). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqukethe i-magnesium. Ngendlela yokwenza amathambo, ama-hydroxyapatite amakristali afakwa ematrix we-osteoid. Ingxenyeni yangaphandle yethambo iqukethe izicubu ezinamahloni ezinama-cortical bone; isakhiwo sangaphakathi simelelwa yizicubu eziningi ezingcolile futhi ziqukethe amangqamuzana amaningi agcwele amathambo omzimba omzimba ohlangene ekukhiqizeni amaseli egazi.
Ukugcina ithambo
Ayikho i-cortic noma i-spongy bone etholakalayo. Ngisho nangemva kokuqedwa kokukhula, balondoloza umsebenzi we-metabolic futhi bavuselelwa njalo. Le nqubo edidiyelwe, lapho izingxenye zethambo zichitheka futhi zithathele izicubu ezintsha, kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe impilo yethambo. Ukwakhiwa kwamathambo amathambo kulawulwa amangqamuzana akhethekile - ama-osteoblasts. Zenza i-osteoid futhi zinikeze ukwakheka kwe-hydroxyapatite. Ukuze i-resorption ye-tissue bone, amangqamuzana okuthiwa i-osteoclasts anesibopho.
Izifo ze-Bone
Ithefu liyakwazi ukulimala yizinqubo eziningi zempilo. Ingahle iphulwe ngokweqile (i-fracture), ivame ukuba yindawo yokwehla kwamathumba wesibili (ikakhulukazi emdlalweni webele, wamaphaphu nesisu), i-bone metabolism ingaphazanyiswa. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezifo zethambo zamathambo. I-osteoporosis yinkinga lapho kutholakala khona ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kwe-osteoid kanye ne-mineral component yamathambo. Le nqubo ivele ngokuguga, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-estrogen kwabesifazane ekuqedeni kokuya esikhathini kuphawuleka ngokushesha. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthuthukiswa kwe-osteoporosis ukungalingani phakathi kwesilinganiso sokubhujiswa nokwakhiwa kwamathambo esithambo. Umthelela walo omkhulu ukukhubazeka kwamathambo amathanga, ukubeka phambili ekuqhekekeni kwamathambo (ikakhulukazi iziqhwa, izigqoko kanye nemizimba ye-vertebral), okuvame ukuphumela ekulimazeni okuncane.
Osteomalacia
Uma i-osteomalacia, ukuphazamiseka kwamathambo kuphazanyiswa, ngenxa yalokho okunciphisa futhi kungenza ukubola, kubangele ubuhlungu obukhulu noma ukuhlukunyezwa. I-Osteomalacia ngokuvamile ihlotshaniswa nokuntuleka kwevithamini D noma ukuphazamiseka kwesimiso sayo sokudla, okuholela ekutheni i-calcium ayinamandla okwenza amathambo. Iphathwa ngokuqokwa kwamavithamini D kanye namalungiselelo e-calcium.
Isifo sikaPaget
Lesi sifo sesithambo sithinta kakhulu asebekhulile. Isizathu asicacile, kodwa kwaziwa ukuthi kule sifo, umsebenzi we-osteoclasts ukwanda, okuholela ekusheshiseni kwe-bone resorption. Lokhu kubuye kuvuselele ukubunjwa kwamathambo amasha amathambo, okwamanje, okuncane kakhulu futhi okuncane kakhulu kunothambo oluvamile. Ubuhlungu besifo se-Paget kubangelwa ukweluleka kwesikhwama se-periosteum, i-membrane ehlanganisa ubuso obungaphandle kwamathambo, ngokuphindaphindiwe kungenwa yi-receptors yobuhlungu. Ama-analgesics asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubuhlungu, futhi lesi sifo ngokwawo singaphathwa nge-bisphosphonates, esinciphisa i-resorption ye-bone.
I-osteodystrophy yama-renal
Kuyabonakala ezigulini ezinokuhluleka okungavamile kwezintuthwane. Isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke kule sifo ukuwohloka kwe-vitamin D emasabini. Phakathi nezinqubo ezenzeka esibindi nasezinso, i-vitamin D iguqulwa kuba i-calcitriol, i-hormone elawula ukumuncwa kwe-calcium. Ngokwehluleka okungenangqondo kwe-renal, ukukhiqizwa kwe-calcitriol kuncishisiwe. Lesi simo siphathwa ngokuqokwa kwe-calcitriol noma izidakamizwa ezifanayo. Izindlela ezifana ne-fluoroscopy, isotop scanning kanye nokuhlolwa kwakhe kwethambo ngamasampula amathisibhe amathanga ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye-bone disease diagnostic. Ukwaziswa okubaluleka kokuxilonga ngezifo zamathambo, ngaphandle kwe-osteoporosis, kungatholakala nangokuhlolwa kwegazi.
Ukuhlolwa kwegazi
Ukuhlolwa okubaluleke kunazo zonke yizilinganiso zokuhlushwa kwe-plasma ye-calcium ne-phosphate, kanye nomsebenzi we-alkaline phosphatase, i-enzyme eyenziwa ngama-osteoblasts. Ukuhlushwa kwe-calcium e-plasma Ngokuvamile kuyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-2.3 no-2.6 mmol / l. Izinga le-calcium lilawulwa ama-hormone amabili - i-capcitriol (iphuma ku-vitamin D) ne-hormone ye-parathyroid. Iyancipha nge-osteodystrophy ye-renal, futhi nasezinkingeni eziningi ze-osteomalacia ne-rickets. E-osteoporosis kanye nesifo se-Paget, ukuhlushwa kwe-calcium kugcinwa ezingeni elivamile (nakuba ngesifo se-Paget, uma isiguli singenamandla, singakhuphuka). Ukwanda kwe-calcium e-plasma kuboniswa nge-hyperparathyroidism eyinhloko (ngokuvamile ebangelwa isifo esibuhlungu samangqamuzana e-parathyroid). I-hormone ye-parathyroid ivuselela ama-osteoclasts, kodwa ukubonakaliswa kwezifo zesifo samathambo kule sifo akuvamile. Izinga eliphakeme le-plasma calcium nalo livame ukwelashwa kweziguli. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kubangelwa ukubhujiswa kwethambo ngama-metastase, kwabanye ngenxa ye-tumor yezinto ezifana ne-hormone ye-parathyroid (i-GPT peptides). Ukuhlushwa kwe-phosphate e-plasma kuvame ukuphakathi kuka-0.8 no-1.4 mmol / l. Ukuhlushwa okuqhubekayo kubonakala ekuhlulekeni kwezinso (lapho ukuhlushwa kwe-plasma ka-urea ne-creatinine, imikhiqizo ye-metabolism, evame ukukhishwa emzimbeni ngomchamo, ikhuphuka ngokukhudlwana), futhi iyancipha - nge-osteomalacia ne-rickets. Njengoba isifo se-Paget nesifo sofuba, ukuhlushwa kwe-phosphate e-plasma kuvame ukulingana. Umsebenti we-alkaline phosphatase we-Plasma Umsebenti lokhulile weli-enzyme utfolakala e-osteomalacia, sifo sePaget kanye ne-osteodystrophy ye-renal. Ngokwelashwa okuphumelelayo, iyancipha. I-alkali phosphatase ngokukhethekile iwusizo njengemakethe yokuphumelela kokwelashwa kwesifo sikaPaget. Izinga le-alkaline phosphatase le-plasma libuye lenyuke kwezinye izifo zesibindi nesistimu ye-bile, kodwa ngokuvamile kulokhu akukho ubunzima bokuxilongwa.
Okunye ukuhlolwa kwegazi
Uma kudingekile, ukuhlushwa egazini likavithamini D kungalinganiswa. Izinga eliphansi likhombisa i-osteomalacia noma i-rickets. Ayikho yezovivinyo ezichazwe ngenhla ezingase zibone ukukhubazeka kwegazi, ngoba ukungalingani phakathi kwezinga lokubunjwa nokubhujiswa kwethambo nalokhu kuvame ukukhula kancane kancane kwesifo. Ukuxilongwa kungaqinisekiswa ngosizo lwezindlela ezikhethekile ze-X-ray. I-bone engavamile emisebeni ye-radiographs icaciswe ngokucacile, nge-osteoporosis, izicubu zethambo ziba mncane kakhulu futhi zibukeka zibe mnyama esithombeni. Ukuze kusetshenziswe isibalo samaminerali esitokisini, kusetshenziselwa indlela yokusebenzisa i-densitometry yama-photon amabili engahlola ngokuqiniseka i-osteoporosis. Odokotela basesidingo esiphuthumayo sezindlela ezilula ukukhomba abantu abane-osteoporosis noma labo abasengozini enkulu yokuthuthukisa lesi sifo, kanye nokuqapha ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa.