I-Melanoma ingenye yezinhlobonhlobo zomdlavuza wesikhumba. Okungajwayelekile kunezinye izinhlobo zezikhumba ezinonya, kodwa kuyingozi. I-melanoma ithinta ikakhulukazi isikhumba, kodwa ingahlinzeka ngama-metastases futhi isakaze emathanjeni nasesithombeni sangaphakathi. Lolu hlobo lomdlavuza esikhumba sobuso alutholakali lutho. Kodwa-ke, abanye besifazane basabhekana nendawo ngayinye yezizukulwane zabo zokuzalwa, bezama ukusola i-melanoma ebusweni babo. Abesifazane abanjalo bayoba usizo ukwazi zonke izimpawu zalesi sifo.
Izimpawu zokuqala
Isibonakaliso esibonakalayo nesibaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukiswa kwe-melanoma yinoma yikuphi ushintsho ngobukhulu, umumo noma umbala we-nevus, kanye nanoma yiziphi ezinye izilonda ezinemibala esikhumbeni, isibonelo, i-birthmark. Ngokwezinguquko ezenzekayo, kufanele ugcine isikhathi esithile (kusukela ngesonto kuya enyangeni). Ukubamba izinguquko, ungasebenzisa umthetho we-ABCDE. Kuzosiza ekuhloleni izinguquko zokwenziwa kwesikhumba kuwe kanye nochwepheshe. Ngakho, isifingqo ABCDE sisho:
- "A" (i-asymmetry yesiNgisi - i-asymmetry). Umgogodla wokukhula okulinganiselwe, lapho ukukhula kubonakala kakhulu emaphethelweni athile we-nevus.
- "B" (ukungena komngcele waseNgilandi). Izimpawu ezisemaphethelweni we-nevus, isibonelo, ezibuhlungu, ezikhukhumezekile, ezifakiwe, njll.
- "C" (Umbala wesiNgisi - umbala). Isimiso sokwenza ama-nevus. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-melanoma kungabonakaliswa ukuguqulwa okungafani, ukutholakala kwawo wonke ama-shades of tan (kusuka obala obomvu kuya kumnyama). Mhlawumbe ukutholakala kwempepho emhlophe, ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okwenza ukuthi indawo enemibala ibukeke kakhulu. Izinguquko ezinjalo ngokwemvelo ye-pigmentation, ikakhulukazi uma zisakazwa emaphethelweni ama-nevus kuya kwezicubu ezizungezile, kubhekwa njengento yokuqala yokuthuthukiswa kwe-melanoma.
- "D" (ububanzi - ubukhulu, ubukhulu). Noma yikuphi ukukhula kwezilonda ezinemibala esikhumbeni kufanele kube yinto ephazamisayo. Ikakhulu uma i-pigmented spot noma i-nevus ikhuphukile ngesayizi ngokungaphezu kuka-0.6 cm noma, isibonelo, ubukhulu be-eraser epencil.
- "E" (ukuziphendukela kwemvelo - ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngomqondo wentuthuko). Noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa ngosayizi nokuma, ukubukeka kwezibonakaliso ezintsha (ubuhlungu noma ukucheka), ukuphazamiseka kokuphakama kwamanzi, ukuphuma kwamanzi, ukuguqulwa kokugqama kwamachashazi ahlukahlukene kungase kube izibonakaliso zokuthuthukiswa kwe-melanoma.
Okulandelayo kubonakala njengezibonakaliso ze-melanoma:
- Ukuphakama noma ukuqina kwesikhumba se-nevus, esasiphathekile.
- Izinguquko ebusweni zibonisa, isibonelo, ukubonakala kokukhukhula, ukushaya, ukuphuma noma ukukhwabanisa.
- Kusukela ezinhlobonhlobo ezizungezile kungase kubonakale ushintsho ngendlela yobomvu, ukuvuvukala, izindawo ezincane ze-pigment, ezizungeze isilo esikhulu, okuthiwa i-satellite pigmentation.
- Ukubonakaliswa kwendawo kwanciphisa ukushaywa, ukugubha noma ukuvutha.
- Kungenzeka ukuguqula ubuqotho, ukuvumelana, isibonelo, ukunciphisa noma ukuhlukaniswa zibe izingcezu ezincane, izingxenye ezihlukaniswa kalula, ukubonakala kokuphefumula.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-melanoma kungabangela i-nevus noma i-pigmentation indawo ekhona esikhumbeni, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa ukukhula komdlavuza futhi ngaphandle kwabaningi abandulele. I-melanoma ingathuthuka kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yesikhumba, kodwa ngokuvamile ivela engxenyeni engenhla kwabesifazane namadoda nasemilenzeni engxenyeni ebuthakathaka yobuntu. Amacala okubonakala kwe-melanoma ezintendeni zezandla, izintambo, umbhede wesikhumba, emagqumeni amancane omlomo womlomo, i-rectum, ubulili, i-anus ichazwa. Abantu asebekhulile bajwayele ukuthuthukisa i-melanoma esikhumbeni sobuso. Emadodeni amadala, indawo yabo yendawo ivame entanyeni, ekhanda ngisho nase-auricles.
Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ezinye izifo zesikhumba zinemibonakalo efanayo ne-melanoma. Izifo ezinjalo zihlanganisa i-warts, i-seborrheic keratosis, i-basal cell carcinoma.
Ukubonakaliswa kwesikhathi se-melanoma
Izimpawu zokuphela kwe-melanoma zifaka:
- ukuphuma e-nevus nasezindaweni zezingulube, isikhumba sikhala endaweni yesimo sabo sendawo;
- ubuhlungu ekuthuthukiseni i-melanoma.
I-melanoma ye-metastatic inezimpawu ezingacacile, ezingabonakali, kufaka phakathi: ukukhuliswa kwamagciwane, ikakhulukazi ekuguleni nasekugqibeni, ukubonakala kwezimpawu ezingenakubala noma ezibomvu ngaphansi kwesikhumba, ukulahlekelwa isisindo esinzima, i-melanosis (isikhumba esikhuphukile), ukukhwehlela okwesikhashana, ikhanda.