Kuwo wonke ama-solvents eyaziwa emhlabeni, amanzi yiwona wonke jikelele. Emanzini, konke kuchitheka, futhi umuntu akahlukile. Kusukela ekubukeni kwesayensi, wonke umuntu omdala omaphakathi ngokwesilinganiso uqukethe 40% kuphela "okusalayo okumile", nakho konke okunye ... amanzi. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa ketshezi ungahlala cishe ngesonto elilodwa. Ukuphela komoya nokulala akuyona emzimbeni wethu. Izinto eziningi ezidingekayo empilweni, ikakhulukazi amaminerali kanye nezici ezilandelanayo, zixhunywe emaphethelweni emathunjini kuphela njengezixazululo ezinomsoco. Indima yamanzi, kokubili ekulondolozeni impilo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwempilo ebonakalayo. Umbuzo uvela - uhlobo luni lwamanzi olusizo emzimbeni womuntu, futhi okungekho. Lokhu sizozama ukuthola kulesi sihloko.
Kungenzeka yini ukuphuza imvula?
Emvelweni, amanzi "ahlanzekile," okungukuthi, H 2 O nokunye okunye, amanzi kuphela emvula. Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, kusukela esikhathini esidlule, sasisetshenziselwa ukuphuza kuphela njengesisetshenziswa sokugcina, okungukuthi, uma kunethuba langempela lokufa ngokukoma. Ngokusobala, leli qiniso elingenakuguquleka liwumphumela wamakhulu eminyaka ocwaningo ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuphikelela okunamathela kogu. Ukuhlakanipha kwabantu okukhulunywa ngale ndlela kuthi: Imvula inhle izitshalo nokugeza izingubo, nokuphuza - cha.
Nakuba kwakukhona neminye imibono eminingana. Isibonelo, owaziwayo u-Abu Ali Ibn Sina, noma u-Avicenna kuphela, wayekholelwa ukuthi "amanzi emvula angowamanzi ahle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ewela ehlobo avela emazulwini, kodwa hhayi" emafwini aqhutshwa yimimoya esiphepho "/ 1 /. Ngisho naseMideni Ephakathi ehlanzekile ngokwemvelo, indoda ehlakaniphile yancoma amanzi abilayo, eqoqwe uma kunesidingo ngemuva kwemvula, ukuze igweme "ukuphazamiseka" kwayo. Ithuba elikhulu lokuvimbela umuntu ukomuntu ukuze azuze umzimba kungumhlengikazi omkhulu wase-Central Asia owakubheka iziphethu zemvelo lapho amanzi egijima ngaphandle, adonselwa yi "amandla azalwa ngokwawo." Amanzi emithonjeni nasemigodini engaphansi komhlaba kwakubhekwa njengesibi nakakhulu entwasahlobo, kanti lowo "owawugcoba ngevesi emipayipi yokuhola" wawungenalutho ngalutho.
Ngenxa yesayensi yesimanje, inhloso yalo ukuphenya nokuqinisekisa, ukuthi yini eyaziwa yesikhathi esidlule, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amanzi avela ezulwini awawusizo emzimbeni womuntu. Okokuqala, amanzi, aphefumula ebusweni bomhlaba, ezweni lanamuhla lonakaliswe kakhulu yizokuthutha kanye nomkhakha. Ukuhlanzeka kolwandle lwesihlanu nakho kushiya okuningi okufunayo. Ama-megacities amaningi manje manje ahlale emile. Ngakho-ke, esikhundleni sokusulwa ngesikhathi sokukhuphukela esibhakabhakeni, amanzi emvula ngokungeziwe athola ukungcola okungalindelekile. Iqukethe i-arsenic, ihola, i-mercury, isulfure ne-nitrate. Imvula ene-ammonia, i-carbon disulphide, izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ziwela ezindaweni zokulima, kanti imvula ye-asidi iza phezu kwezitshalo namafemu / 2 /.
Okwesibili, iziqu zokuphuza izidakamizwa zemvelo zivimbela amanzi emvula anenzuzo ezifakwe ezithombeni zomzimba. Amanzi asezulwini ahluke ngokuphawulekayo ekubunjweni okuvela emhlabeni, ngakho-ke ngisho nangemva kokuhlanzwa akunakwenzeka ukuwaphuza isikhathi eside - i-metabolism iyaphazanyiswa. Umzimba ukwandisa ukuhlushwa egazini le-chlorine, i-potassium ne-sodium engabikho, bese isusa ngokuqinile izinso ngomchamo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi, imvula, i-distilled noma i-désalinated ayijabuli ukunambitheka futhi ivala kahle ukoma / 3 /.
Kuyini amanzi epayipi?
Ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo zamadolobha zanamuhla emanzini okuphuza, imithombo evulekile ivame ukusetshenziswa. Lezi imifula namachibi. Ngemuva kokuhlanzwa kwesiteji-by-stage (coagulation, precipitation, filtration kanye ekugcineni uketshezi), amanzi angena emanzini amanzi, futhi kusuka lapho kuya yonke indlu. Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi yamanzi ku-crane incike ezintweni eziningi:
- I-ecology yemifula namachibi asebenza njengesiqalo samanzi adla;
- Isimo sezobuchwepheshe nezokuhlanza kweziteshi zamanzi;
- Izakhiwo zamanzi amapayipi.
Awu, manje ngamaphuzu. Sithole kakade ukuthi ukuphuza imvula kuyingozi empilweni. Ngokuphathelene namanzi omfula, cishe ngeke kufike engqondweni yomuntu. Ngempela, ngisho nokucabangela ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva, ngenxa yenkinga yomhlaba wonke, isimo semvelo sezindawo zokuvulwa esiphezulu sithuthukile kancane, asizange sithinte izinga lempompo yamanzi.
Ngokuba isimo sokuhlanzeka kwesimiso samanzi sisabhekana neziphathimandla ezifanele. Enye into yokuhlanza ezobuchwepheshe ngokwayo, abaningi abayibheka isikhathi esiphelele futhi esiphelelwe yisikhathi. Noma kunjalo, cishe kuzo zonke izilinganiso zayo, amanzi okupompi ahambisana ngokuphelele nemigomo yokuhlanzeka. Ngezinye izikhathi okuqukethwe kwe-chlorine ngezinye izikhathi kudlula umkhuba.
Akukho muntu othanda amanzi nge-chlorine ethize iphunga nokunambitha. Kodwa ngenxa yobufakazi bokulimala okwenziwa yi-chlorination, bavame ukukhohlwa ukuthi kuyasiza. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-chlorine yokungcola kwamanzi kampompi, kusukela ngo-1904 inani lezifo zamathumbu liye lahla kakhulu, isifo sekholera nesifo se-typhus sekube yinto eyedlule. Futhi naphezu kokucwaninga okwaqala ngo-70-80. Ikhulu leminyaka elidlule, okwafakazela ukuthi iqhaza le-chlorine ekubunjweni kokungcola kwe-carcinogenic (chloroform) eyingozi, amanzi okupompi aqhubeke echloride.
Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuxilongwa kwezidakamizwa emanzini akufinyeleli ezingeni elibucayi futhi kufana nalokho esikuphefumulayo noma esikudlayo. Ngakho-ke, uDeveli akasabeki kakhulu njengoba eqoshiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kokubili i-chlorine ne-chloroform ziyaxhamaza emanzini ngokubilisa (4). Kodwa kukhona i-aftertaste engathandeki, eshukumisela abantu bendawo ukuba bathulule itiye "elisemadolobheni" endlini yangasese emva kokuphuza okokuqala.
Ukuze uthuthukise izakhiwo ze-organoleptic zamanzi achloride eminyakeni yamuva, zonke izinhlobo zokuhlunga zisetshenziswa kabanzi. Iningi lazo liqukethe isikrini esenziwe sicindezelwe njengento eyinhloko esebenzayo. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-US Environmental Protection Commission, i-chlorine, eyenza i-chloroform nemvelo engokwemvelo yamanzi, izinhlayiya zamashaza asebenzayo ezivela emathunjini okuhlunga ziveza ubuthi obubi kakhulu - i-dioxin. Ukuhlola umonakalo walo, kwanele ukubuka nje ubuso bukaMengameli wangaphambili wase-Ukraine uViktor Yushchenko.
Enye iphuzu isitsha semanzi. Nakulokhu, ngenxa ye-chlorine, amanzi okupompi agcina ukuphepha kwawo okubhebhethekayo, naphezu kokuthi ugeleza ngokusebenzisa amapayipi ensimbi. Kodwa amanzi ezitsheni ze-multi-litter amabhodlela kanye "nesitshalo seqanda", kanye nokuthululwa emidlalweni yemoto - cha.
Sithengisa uhlobo luni lwamanzi?
Ngokwemininingwane ethile, esitsheni sokuqala sepulasitiki, ekuqaleni amanzi ahlanzekile we-artesian, okugcinwa okungafanelekile nokusebenza kwamathangi, aqala ... ukuze "ahlume". Ngokuqinisekile, abaningi baye baqaphela ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhanya okuhlaza okungcolile kubonakala ngaphakathi ebhodini. Lawa angama-algae aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ama-cyanobacteria ahlanganisa i-toxin BMAA, futhi futhi idala izifo ezinamandla ze-neurological (i-Alzheimer's, i-Parkinson ne-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).
Iziphetho:
- Kungcono ukuphuza kusukela entwasahlobo endaweni ehlanzekile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma umthombo wayo ungekho emhlabathini, okungukuthi, amanzi emvula, kanye ne-interplastic "izakhiwo zasendulo";
- Amanzi okuphepha aphephile, kodwa ukuphuza kuyingozi. Ukuhlanza nge-carbon filters kunokuhle kungalimaza. Uma amanzi ahlungiwelayo ubilisa i-chlorine esele ngokubambisana ne-carbon yenza i-dioxin enobuhlungu kakhulu;
- Thenga amanzi kusuka ezimotweni noma ugcine iminyaka isitshalo seqanda esifanayo futhi, ngenxa yengozi yokungcolisa imikhiqizo yokuphila ye-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Izincwadi:
- On ikhwalithi yamanzi (amanzi emvula). "Canon yesayensi yezokwelapha", u-Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)
- Amanzi emvula. Journal of Health, 1989, No. 6
- I-OV Mosin. Umthelela wamanzi ahlanzekile emzimbeni.
- I-chlorine emanzini imnandi noma imbi? Journal of Science and Life, No. 1, 1999.