Kulesi simo, "isinyathelo" sisho ikhono elitholakalayo enjongweni yokuphila ukuhlela nokwenza ukunyakaza okuhlelekile. Ingane ene-cerebral palsy ibhekana nobunzima ekwenzeni imisebenzi yakhe yentuthuko - isibonelo, ukuhlanganisa ama-shoelaces, ukugibela ibhayisikili noma izincwadi zokubhala. Imininingwane oyothola esihlokweni esithi "Ukuvuselelwa ngokomzimba kwezingane ezine-cerebral palsy".
Indlela yesimanje
Kuze kube maduzane, lezi zingane zazibhekwa njengezivilaphaza, zilukhuni futhi ziphuza. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekunganinikeleni kwenkinga kanye nokuntula ukwelashwa okwanele. Ngenxa yalokho, ingane ingathuthukisa izinkinga eziningi zokuziphatha ezihlotshaniswa nokukhungatheka, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukuba umzimba wakho wenze ukunyakaza okudingekayo ngesikhathi esifanele. Njengamanje, kubhekwa ukuthi lezi zingane zinenkinga ethile yomsebenzi ophezulu wezinzwa (ngokungabikho okuphelele noma okuyingxenye yeziphambeko ezivela ohlelweni lwezinzwa, umsebenzi we-musculoskeletal noma i-reflexes), okuholela ekunciphiseni ikhono lokubala nokufeza ukunyakaza okuhlosiwe. Akukho ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-cerebral palsy nokuncipha kwengqondo.
Ukuhlukunyezwa
Ngokwesilinganiso esilinganiselwe, abantu abafika ku-10% banezifo ezincane zokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Ku-2-5%, izinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zesifo ziyabonakala. Amaphesenti angama-70 alaba bantu ayingqingili yesilisa. Kucatshangwa ukuthi imbangela ye-cerebral palsy yi-underdevelopment yesimiso sezinzwa. Ngalokhu, lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwesifo se-neurologic noma i-hypoxia (i-oxygen starvation) yobuchopho ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Ukuhamba kokuqala kwe-fetus kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubeletha ngenxa yemicabango yokuzibandakanya. Enkambisweni yokuthuthukiswa kwengane, lezi zizindla zenziwa kancane kancane, ziba ziqondile, futhi zilawulwa ngokuzizwa, nokuziphendulela. Ukuvuthwa okugcwele kwazo zonke izinhlelo zezimoto kuza ekupheleni kokukhula. Inhlangano yokunyakaza okungahambisani nayo incike ezintweni eziningi. Ingane evame ukuthola ulwazi olunembile mayelana nemvelo ngombono wokuthinta, umsebenzi wezinto zokugqoka kanye nesakhiwo (ukuzwa kwesimo esikhala). Ukwenziwa ngokugcwele kwalolu lwazi kukuvumela ukuthi ubale ngokufanele futhi usebenzise ukunyakaza okufisayo. I-Cerebral Palsy ingase ihlotshaniswe nezimo ezithile ezingajwayelekile kunoma iyiphi enye noma yonke imithombo emithathu yolwazi. Kule ndaba, ukubonakaliswa kokukhubazeka kwengqondo kubantwana abahlukene kungahluka: ingane eyodwa ithola kunzima ukuchofoza phezulu, kanti enye - ukubiza amagama ngokucacile nangokucacile.
Izitho zeSense
Ingane ene-cerebral palsy ngokuvamile ayikwazi ukubona ngokwanele futhi isebenzise ulwazi olulandelayo:
• Thinta - ukungakwazi ukubona into ngokuzwa okuvela lapho uyithinta (ukulinganisa);
• Amadivaysi e-vestibular - isici sokulinganisela esisezindlebeni zangaphakathi, anganika ulwazi olungenalutho ngokuphathelene nokuhleleka, ukunyakaza, ukulinganisela kanye nesimo somzimba esikhala;
• I-Proprioceptors yiziphetho zokugcina izinzwa ezikhona kuzo zonke imisipha, izintambo namajoyina futhi zithumele ulwazi mayelana nesimo sabo esikhala ebuchosheni. Ukusebenzisana nezitho zombono nokuzwa, banikeza ukuxhumana kokunyakaza nokugcina ibhalansi. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-cerebral palsy kungase kungenxa yokuntuleka kwesistimu yokuphatha. Ezimweni eziningi, abazali bangabokuqala bokubazali abazali, bebona ukuthi ingane inezimpawu ezithile noma i-lag kwezinye izinkomba zokuthuthukisa zonyaka ohambisana nazo. Kubalulekile ukuthi ingane enjalo ihlolwe ngesikhathi esifanele ngodokotela wezingane kanye nengqondo kwengane, ngaphambi kokungena esikoleni esiphakeme. Lokhu ngeke nje kuqinisekiswe ukuqaliswa kokwelashwa kokuqala kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela eziphumelelayo ezizosetshenziswa esikoleni ekusebenzisaneni nengane, kodwa kuzosiza ekunciphiseni ukuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalakahle, ukuhlekwa yontanga nokunciphisa ukuzethemba.
Izinhlobo ze-cerebral palsy
I-psychologist yengane iqhuba uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezikhethekile ukuhlola izinga lokukhubazeka kwengqondo, kanye nokukhomba izinhlangothi zemisebenzi yansuku zonke lapho ithinta khona. Ekuhlukanisweni kwezinhlobo ze-cerebral palsy ezibheke ebuntwaneni, izilinganiso ezine eziyinhloko zihlukaniswa, kuye ngokuthi ukukhubazeka kwamakhono amakhono amancane (nakuba zonke izigaba ngokuvamile zithinteka kumazinga ahlukene). Amaqembu amakhono angaphuliwe ngo-cerebral palsy ahlanganisa:
• amakhono amakhulu amakhulu - ukulawulwa kwemisebenzi ye-muscular, ukuhambisana nokuhamba nokulingana okudingekayo ukwenza ukunyakaza okukhulu;
• amakhono emoto amnandi - okudingekayo ukwenza ukunyakaza okuncane, isibonelo ukuhlanganisa ama-shoelaces;
• amakhono okukhuluma - ubunzima ekuqondeni iziyalezo zomlomo kanye nezincazelo;
• Amakhono okukhuluma - ubunzima ekukhulumeni kwamagama.
Ngokuya ngesimo se-cerebral palsy, ingane yengqondo yengqondo ingabhekisela ingane ekubonisaneni nomchwepheshe ofanelekayo, isibonelo, isazi sokuvuselela izifo, isazi sezinkulumo noma i-ergotherapist.
Ukwelashwa kwesikhathi eside
Ukuthola okwesikhashana izibonakaliso ze-cerebral palsy enganeni kanye nokulungiswa kwazo kubaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ungabeki ukwelashwa okunqunyiwe phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokufunda, futhi, uma kungenzeka, isikhathi eside. Ingxenye yalokhu kubangelwa ukuthi njengoba ukhula, udinga ukuqonda amakhono afinyeleleka amaningi adinga izinga eliphakeme lokuxhumanisa ukunyakaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvame ukuthambekela ukubuyisela izinkinga zakudala nokuvela kwalabo abasha ngesikhathi nangemva kokuzula okulandelayo ekukhuleni. I-Cerebral Palsy ingase ibonakale ngokwayo ezinombhalweni eziningana ngokuya ngesimo sayo nokuqina kwayo:
• ukunyakaza okungahambi kahle, ukuxuba;
• Ukunciphisa ukunakekelwa kwengqondo - ingane ingakhohlwa ngokushesha lokho esanda kukuzwa;
• ukuphumula;
• Ukungahleleki kokudla - ingane iphethe i-spoon noma imfoloko enqabeni;
• ungathandi ukudweba nokubala;
• ukuhluleka ukubamba ibhola noma ukukhahlela;
• Ukungabi nesithakazelo emidlalweni nezinye izingane;
• Ukungakwazi ukugxuma emlenzeni owodwa noma emibili noma ukuphoqa phezu kwesithiyo;
• ekusaneni - ukungakwazi ukukhahlela (ingane ishukumisela, ihamba ngesisu);
• Ingane iyisiwula, ivame ukulahlekelwa izinto zakhe;
• Ingane igqoke izingubo isikhathi eside, ayikwazi ukubopha izinkinobho noma inkinobho izinkinobho;
• Kuqhuma njalo ezintweni, uguqula izinto.
Ukuze ukhethe ukwelashwa okusemqoka kuyadingeka ukucacisa uhlobo lokuphulwa. Ngalesi sizathu, ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kusetshenziselwa ukuhlola amakhono omzimba wengane. Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, umhlengikazi uzocela abazali ukuba bagcwalise uhlu lwemibuzo ebonisa ulwazi mayelana nokubunjwa komndeni, ukuba khona kwabafowethu nodadewethu, izifo ezithwalwa yingane, ukusebenza kwakhe kwezemfundo nokuziphatha esikoleni, amakhono omphakathi, ubungane, izithakazelo kanye nokwesaba.
Ukuhlolwa kokuthuthukiswa kwengane
Ukuhlola kuthatha cishe ihora futhi kuqhutshwa ngedwa nomntwana, lapho abazali bengekho. Ngokusekelwe kolwazi kulubuzo lwemibuzo kanye nemiphumela yokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, lo mhlengikazi wenza isiphetho ngesilinganiso sokuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba.
Izindlela zokuthuthukiswa
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono athile kubantwana kwenzeka cishe ku-oda efanayo futhi cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ukuguqulwa kokuqonda amakhono alandelayo kuncike ekutheni kunesilinganiso esithile ekuqaliseni okudlule. Isibonelo, ukuhamba kokuqala kwengane kukhanda kusuka esiswini kuya emuva nangemuva; kancane kancane uqala ukuhlala, agibe, bese-evuka emadolweni, ekugcineni, ume. Ukufunda ukuma, uthatha izinyathelo zokuqala. Ikhono lokuhamba linikeza amandla ekuthuthukiseni amakhono amasha - ingane ifunda ukugijima, gxuma emlenzeni owodwa nambili, gxuma izithiyo. Ngenqubo yokuthuthukisa la makghono, umntwana uthola ukulawula okwanele ukunyakaza kwezitho zomzimba, okuvumela ukuba aqonde amakhono ahlukene kakhulu - isibonelo, ukuphonsa nokubamba izinto, ukudweba ngamakhrayoni noma ukudla i-spoon. Ukuhluleka "ukuphuma" noma yiziphi izigaba zokuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba okubalwe ngenhla kwenza kube nzima ukumbamba nokuhlanganisa amakhono ahlukene kakhulu ayingxenye ebalulekile yokukhula. Yingakho ukutholakala kwesikhashana kwe-cerebral palsy kubaluleke kakhulu. Udokotela-rehabilitologist wenza uchungechunge lwezivivinyo, okuvumela ukulinganisa:
• isimo se-muscular system - abantwana abane-cerebral palsy benza kabi ngokuhamba kweminyango ethile, okuvame ukuholela ekutheni imithwalo yezinsizwa enganele futhi iyanciphisa. Ukuhlola kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwamandla emisipha; Ukunaka okukhethekile kubhalwa isimo semisipha yehlombe kanye nebhande lokukhanda, kanye nemisipha ye-tonic (postural). Ukunyakaza okwenziwe yilezi zinhlanzi kwakha isisekelo sabo bonke abanye ukunyakaza, isibonelo, ukulinganisa ngenkathi kugcinwa ukulinganisela;
• isimo esihlangene - kwezinye izingane ezine-cerebral palsy, amalunga "akhululwa" - inani eliningi kakhulu lokunyakaza okungahambi kahle, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukulawula. Lokhu kuhambisana nokuphulwa kwekhono lokwenza izenzo eziqondile, isibonelo, ngokubhala;
• Ukulinganisa - umvuseleli uhlola ikhono lomntanami lokulondoloza ukulinganisela lapho imisebenzi yemoto efanelekile kuminyaka yakhe ihlangene (isibonelo, ukulinganisa emlenzeni owodwa noma ukuhamba kancane kancane ebhentshini lokuzivocavoca). Kukhona ukunyakaza okwedlulele okusiza ingane ukuba igcine ibhalansi yakhe (isibonelo, ukuphakamisa izandla);
• Ukulungiswa kweminyango - imidlalo yebhola isetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukubonisana okubonakalayo kokuhamba kwezandla nemilenze. Ezinganeni ezincane, zingathatha indawo ngokudlala ukuze zifake izinto ezibunjwa ezihlukahlukene emigodini efanelekile ngobukhulu nokuma;
• umsebenzi wokusebenzisana phakathi kwezingane - izingane eziningi ezine-cerebral palsy "yeqa" isiteji sokukhahlela, ehamba ngokushelela esiswini. Noma kunjalo, izinyoni ezinwabuzelayo zenza ikhono lobuchopho lidlulisele ulwazi oluvela kwelinye izwe kuya kwelinye, elidlala indima ebalulekile, isibonelo, ekuhambeni okuhambisanayo ngezandla zombili noma ngezinyawo. Ikhono lokwenza izenzo ezinjalo liyadingeka ezinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yomzimba. I-rehabilitologist ihlola ubunjalo bokuhamba kwezandla ezihlobene nomjikelezo womzimba lapho "ukudweba" izibalo emoyeni;
• Amandla okuhambisana nemilayezo - udokotela uhlola ikhono lomntwana lokuqonda nokusebenzisa imiyalelo elula yokukhuluma (ihlolwe ukuthi ngabe ukucaciswa okunye noma ukubonisa izenzo kuyadingeka).
Ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokuvuselelwa ngokomzimba kuncike ezidingo zomuntu ngamunye. Ukwelashwa kusekelwe ekuzivocavoca nasemidlalweni, kumgqugquzela ukuba asebenzise ngokugcwele amakhono akhe angokwenyama. Ukuqeqeshwa okunjalo kuyisisekelo somsebenzi osebenza ngokuzenzekelayo nengane, uma kunesidingo, kuhlanganise nosizo lwe-ergotherapist, uchwepheshe wezinkulumo, ukusekela kwabazali, othisha nabasebenzi bezempilo. Umgomo wokwelapha ukwandisa ukuzethemba kwesiguli esincane ngokuwenza imisebenzi elula ngaphambi kokuqhubekela phambili ekusebenzeni amakhono ahlukene kakhulu. Le ndlela isekelwe ekucatshangweni ukuthi umsebenzi womzimba uthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemigwaqo ekhona ebuchosheni nokwakhiwa kwamasha. Ngokuvamile ingane ivakashela ekamelweni lokuvuselela ngokomzimba izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngesonto izinyanga ezimbalwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kumele afunde nsuku zonke ohlelweni oluphakanyisiwe ekhaya. Amakilasi aqhubeka ngemva kokuqedela ukuvakashela ochwepheshe bokuvuselela. Ukulawula ukuphumelela kwengane ngumthwalo wabazali. Uma isimo siphelile noma umphumela unganele, umjikelezo omusha wezokwelapha ukuvuselelwa kunconywa.
Jikelele usondela ekwelapheni
Izindlela eziningana zokusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha zisebenza ekwelapheni ukukhubazeka kwesifo sofuba.
• Ukubhukuda
Ukubhukuda kunconywa kuzo zonke izingane ezine-cerebral palsy. Kuyasiza ukuqinisa imisipha. Ukuhamba emanzini kuyashesha, okunikeza ingane isikhathi sokubala izenzo. Ikhono lokulondoloza ukulinganisela emanzini alibalulekile kangako, ngakho-ke angakwazi ukuzibandakanya ezenzweni zontanga, okwandisa ukuzethemba kwakhe.
• Ukuthuthukiswa okuthuthukisiwe
Ngemuva kokufunda amakhono amakilasi alandelayo kugxile ekufezeni okulandelayo. Isibonelo, ekuqaleni ingane ifunda ukugoqa umbhede phansi, bese-ke uqhube umthambeko omncane, bese ugoqa ngebhola elikhulu, bese-uhambisa izingalo endaweni esesimweni esifanele esiswini. Khona-ke ingane ifunda ukuhlala ikhona, ngokusekelwa kwezinyawo zayo ebhentshini, isibonelo, ukudweba (ngokunyuka kancane kancane ngesikhathi samakilasi).
• Ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi wokuxhumana phakathi kwezibalo
Ukuqaphela ngokuyinhloko kukhokhwa ekuthuthukiseni imisebenzi yokuxhumana phakathi kwe-intermedium. Ukuzivocavoca kwaleli qembu kubandakanya ukukhahlela ngebhodi, ukuhlukana nodonga lwaseSweden ngokuzulazula kwezandla, ukuvivinya umzimba lapho ingane ihamba khona kuwo wonke ama-four, igxuma ibhola yethente phambi kwakhe, ihamba ngokungafani nokuphakamisa impi nemilenze.
• Ukuqeqeshwa ngokulinganisela
Njengoba umsebenzi wokuxhumana phakathi kwe-interhemispheric uthuthuka, bayaqhubeka nokusebenza ekuxhumaniseni ukunyakaza nokulinganisela. Qala ngemizamo yokubamba isikhundla emi emilenzeni emibili "ebhodini lokugibela" ngesisekelo esikhulu, bese-ngomlenze owodwa. Emva kwalokhu, hamba ukuhamba kancane.
Ukulungiswa kwezinkinga zemoto ezihlobene nokukhubazeka kwesiberethri kusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezivivinyo ezikhethekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo lwezokwelapha olulodwa luyakhelwe ingane ngayinye. Ukuzivocavoca ngokulinganisela, ukubambisana kokunyakaza nokuma endaweni emkhathini kuhloswe ngokuyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni amakhono amakhono jikelele. Izindlela ze-ergotherapy zisetshenziselwa ukulungisa izifo ezincane zezimoto. Izindlela zokwelapha ze-cerebral palsy zikhona
• Ukuzivocavoca umzimba - ukuhamba kancane kancane ebhentshini lokuzivocavoca elithambekele; ukulinganisa emlenzeni owodwa "ebhodini lokuguqula"; ukubamba ibhola noma amabhokisi okugcoba agcwele amabhola epulasitiki, emi "ebhodini lokugibela"; ukunqamula intambo; ukudlala "emakilasini" noma e-leapfrog;
• Ukuzivocavoca ukuxhumanisa ukunyakaza - ukuzivocavoca ngentambo yokudlula; "Ukudweba izinto ezibonakalayo" emoyeni ngezandla zakho; ukuzivocavoca "ukuhlala ngesiTurkey"; ukukhasa; ukuzivocavoca "ibhuloho" (ukuhamba ngezandla ngokusekela imilenze); ukubhukuda; ukudlala ibhola kanye nokubheja; ukudlala "emakilasini" noma e-leapfrog; ukugxuma "inkanyezi";
• Ukuzivocavoca ngezimo emkhathini - usebenzisa "imigudu", edlala ibhola elikhulu emgqeni; ukubamba amabhola obukhulu obukhulu noma amabhola ngameva;
• Ukuzivocavoca ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono amakhono emoto - ukuqoqwa kwamahhashi; i-mosaic; umdlalo we "fleas". Manje uyazi ukuthi ukuvuselelwa ngokwenyama kwezingane ezine-cerebral palsy.