Igama elithi "i-hepatitis virus" ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi yisifo, i-agent causative ye-6 eyaziwa njengama-hepatitis A, B, C, D, E kanye ne-F. Amaphilisi ayenziwa kakhulu yi-hepatitis A, B kanye noC. I-hepatitis ephilayo iyakusiza ukuba ugweme izifo zesifo.
Izimpawu
I-hepatitis enempilo inesithombe esifanayo somtholampilo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-pathogen. Iziguli zinomzimba omncane wokugula okunomkhuhlane nge-nausea, ukuhlanza nokulahlekelwa ukudla, ngezinye izikhathi nokuwohloka okukhulu kwenhlalakahle jikelele. Ezinye izimpawu zifaka:
• umkhuhlane;
• ukukhathala;
• ubuhlungu esiswini;
• isifo sohudo.
Njengoba igciwane lithinta amaseli wesibindi, ngokuvamile i-jaundice yesikhumba nombala omnyama womchamo.
I-virus yesifo sofuba esingumlutha A
Ukutheleleka ngegciwane le-hepatitis A kwenzeka ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi noma ukudla okungcolile. Igciwane liyanda lapho imigomo yokupheka ehlanzekile iphulwa, ezindaweni ezinokulawulwa okungavumelekile kwe-sanitary. Phakathi nenkathi yokufakelwa ukugcoba okuhlala isikhathi eside cishe amasonto amane, igciwane landa ngokuphindaphindiwe emathunjini futhi lidonswa ngamanzi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwegciwane kuphelile ngokubonakaliswa kwezimpawu zokuqala zesifo. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa, isiguli kakade asikathembi. Kwamanye abantu, lesi sifo sinamandla, kanti iningi lazo lilulame ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokwelashwa okhethekile, nakuba ngokuvamile kuphumula ukuphumula kombhede.
Isifo sofuba esibangelwa yi-Viral
Ukutheleleka ngegciwane lesifo se-hepatitis B kwenzeka lapho kutholakala igazi elingcolile kanye nezinye izifo zomzimba. Emashumini ambalwa adlule adlule, kwakunezikhathi eziningi zokudluliselwa kwegciwane ngokumpompela igazi, kodwa izinhlelo zanamuhla zokuqapha ukunikezwa kwegazi zavumela ukunciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka okungenani. Ngokuvamile, ukutheleleka kusakazeka phakathi kwezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa ezihlanganyela izinaliti. Iqembu eliyingozi lihlanganisa nabantu abanokuphila ngokobulili ngokobulili, nabasebenzi bezokwelapha. Ngokuvamile izimpawu zalesi sifo zivela kancane kancane ngemva kwesikhathi sokugxilwa esivela ezinyangeni ezi-1 kuya kwezingu-6. Cishe abangu-90% abagulayo baphulukisiwe. Kodwa-ke, ku-5-10% we-hepatitis iyadlula efomeni elingavamile. Ifomu elivamile lombane lokushisa kwesibindi B libhekwa ngokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezimpawu zomtholampilo nokubulala okukhulu.
I-virus yesifo sofuba esine-viral
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo ne-hepatitis B egazini, kodwa indlela yokulala ingavamile kakhulu. Ezimweni ezingu-80%, igciwane lidluliselwa ngegazi. Isikhathi sokukhushulwa sithatha amasonto amabili kuya kwangu-26. Ngokuvamile, iziguli azi ukuthi zinegciwane. Ngokuvamile, igciwane litholakala lapho kuhlaziywa igazi kubantu abaphila kahle. Ukuhamba ngokweqile, i-hepatitis C yegciwane lesandulela ngculaza idlulela kufomu elingapheli (amacala angama-75%). Ungatholi abangaphezu kwama-50% abagulayo. Esigabeni esibucayi se-hepatitis A, umzimba uveza i-immunoglobulins M (IgM), ebizwa ngokuthi i-immunoglobulins G (IgG). Ngakho-ke, ukutholakala egazini lesiguli nge-IgM kubonisa ukutholakala kwesifo sofuba esiyingozi. Uma isiguli sesine-hepatitis A esikhathini esidlule futhi singagwenywa nesifo, i-IgG iyotholakala egazini lakhe.
I-antigens ye-Hepatitis B
I-Hepatitis B inezinhlelo ezintathu ze-antigen-antibody ezenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa ifomu elisebenzayo lesi sifo kusukela ekuzivikelweni okuthuthukile nokudala imithi ephumelelayo.
• Ama-antigen -HBsAg-Surface - uphawu lokuqala lokutheleleka olwenyuka lapho selulama. Ama-Anti-HBs - ama-antibodies avela ngemuva kokululama futhi ehlala isikhathi eside, akhombise ukutheleleka. Ukubona okuqhubekayo kwe-HBsAg nezinga eliphansi lama-Anti-HB kubonisa ukuthi i-hepatitis engapheli noma othwala igciwane. I-antigen ye-Surface iyona uphawu oluyinhloko lwe-diagnostic of hepatitis B.
• I-antigen-HHcAg esemqoka - ithola amangqamuzana wesibindi. Ngokuvamile kubonakala uma lesi sifo siba sibi, bese izinga layo liyehla. Kungase kube uphawu olulodwa lokutheleleka kwamuva.
• I-Shell antigen -HbeAg - itholakale kuphela phambi kohlobo lwe-antigen futhi ikhombisa ingozi ephezulu yokutheleleka kwabantu abathintana nabo kanye nokwenyuka kokuguquka kwimodi engapheli.
Imithi
Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo eziningana zegciwane lesandulela ngculazi zihlukile, ezihluka kuye ngesifunda sesiguli sokuhlala. Ukwengeza, kubathwali, igciwane lingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokutholakala kwama-antibodies egazini egazini, ifomu elisebenzayo lesi sifo litholakala. Ukuvikela imishanguzo ye-hepatitis A ne-hepatitis B kuye kwadalwa, ngosizo lwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza lakhiwe. Zingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ngokwehlukana. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukahluka kohlobo lwe-antigenic wegciwane lesandulela ngculazi lingabandakanyi amathuba okuthuthukisa umgomo wokulwa nayo. Ukugoma okungahambi kahle (umjovo we-immunoglobulins) kusiza ukunciphisa ingozi yezifo ezithintana ne-virus ye-hepatitis A kanye ne-B. Ukugoma okusebenzayo kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwesimo esibucayi sesifo kanye nokuguquka kwendlela ehlala njalo. Indlela kuphela yokuphatha i-hepatitis C ukuphathwa kwe-interferons (izidakamizwa ze-antiviral), ezingahlali zisebenza njalo futhi zibe nomthelela ohlangothini.
Isibikezelo
Uma i-hepatitis ihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, ikhuluma ngesimo sakhe esingapheliyo. Ubukhulu be-pathology bungaba ukuvuvukala okuncane kuya kwi-cirrhosis, lapho amangqamuzana anesibindi aphethwe khona athathwa esikhundleni samathambo angasebenzi angasebenzi. I-Hepatitis B no-C banenkambo enzima engxenyeni eyodwa kuphela kwezintathu zamacala. Ngokuvamile zikhula kancane kancane futhi zihambisana nezimpawu ezingenasiphelo, njengokukhathala, ukungabi nesifiso sokudla kanye nokuwohloka kwenhlalakahle jikelele ngaphandle kwesikhathi esicacile.
I-hepatitis engapheli
Iziguli eziningi azizi ukuthi kune-hepatitis engapheli. Ngokuvamile lesi sifo sihlala iminyaka eminingi, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namashumi eminyaka. Kodwa-ke, kwaziwa ukuthi nge-course eside i-hepatitis engapheli iphenduka isifo se-cirrhosis ne-hepatocellular carcinoma (umdlavuza oyinhloko wesibindi).