Ukwakhiwa kokuzivikela emntwaneni. Ingxenye 1

Ukungakhulelwa kwempilo kunika ikhono lomzimba lokubona nokubhubhisa izinto zangaphandle - amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, izidumbu, izinhlungu zabo, kanye namaseli abo aguquliwe. Isivikeli somzimba samasosha omzimba siqukethe isethi yezixhumanisi, ngasinye esenza umsebenzi okhethekile. Zonke izakhi zalesi siklamo zingahlukaniswa zingenasici, noma zizalwa ngokuzalwa, futhi ziqondile, okungukuthi, zitholakale. I-immune immunity ihlala ikhuthele, ngisho nalapho kungekho izinto zangaphandle. Okucacile kuqala ukusebenza kuphela uma isitha singena emzimbeni. Ukuzivikela okungenalutho kuhlangana nabokuqala "abahlukumezayo". Iqala ukusebenza ngokushesha nje uma i-crumb ivela ekukhanyeni okumhlophe, kodwa ngamandla aphelele ayiguquki ngokushesha. Ukuzivikela okungenasifo kubhekwa njengendlela engavikelekile ekuvikeleni ukutheleleka, kuyafana cishe bonke abantu, futhi umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo eziningi zegciwane - isibonelo, i-bronchitis, i-otitis, i-angina.

Owokuqala endleleni "engumfokazi" ukumelela izithiyo zomzimba - isikhumba namangqamuzana amancane. Zinezici ezikhethekile ze-acidic (izinga le-pH), eliyingozi "ezinambuzane" futhi ligcwele ama-microflora - ama-bacteria-protectors. Izibungu ezinomsoco nazo ziveza izinto ze-bactericidal. Zombili izivimbelo zigcina eziningi zezinambuzane ezilungiswe ngokufutheka.

"Abafokazi" abanqoba izithiyo ezinjalo bahlangana nokuxhumana kwamaselula okuzivikela kwangasese, okungukuthi, ngamaseli akhethekile - ama-phagocytes, atholakala esikhunjeni sezinambuzane ezinamangqamuzana nasemanzini egazi. Benza ngokubambisana nezinhlobo ezikhethekile zamaphrotheni namaprotheni ezinkimbinkimbi, isibonelo, ezaziwa kuwo wonke ama-interferon, anesenzo se-bactericidal noma anti-etching. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo ehlanganisiwe, kuphela u-0.1% we "abahlukumezi" abahlala bephila.

Idokodo Yenjongo Ekhethekile
Ukuzivikela okucacile (noma okutholiwe) akukwakhiwa ngokushesha, kodwa emva kokuzalwa kwe-crumb, futhi ngezigaba eziningana. Ukuvikelwa okunjalo kusekelwe endleleni ehlakaniphile yokuhlukanisa "eyakho" kusuka "owejwayelekile" kanye nenkumbulo ye-immunological, okungukuthi, ukuqaphela "umfokazi" osekuvele ahlangane naye. Uma isitha singasazi, khona-ke ukuzivikela okungaqondile kungasabele kuye nganoma iyiphi indlela. Lesi sivikelo senziwa ekusebenzisaneni kwezici ezimbili ezihlobene kakhulu - amaselula (i-T- ne-B-lymphocytes) kanye nama-humoral (immunoglobulins). Bobabili i-T- kanye ne-B-lymphocytes baqaphela izinto eziphilayo (amabhaktheriya, ama-viral) futhi uma behlangana nazo futhi, bazoqala ukuhlasela - ngakho-ke imemori yegciwane lengculazi ibonakala. Kulesi simo, okwesibili ukutheleleka akukwenzeka nhlobo noma lesi sifo sithola efomini elikhanyayo. Kodwa uma ama-T asebenza ngokwawo, i-B-lymphocytes, ukuze asuse isitha, ahlaziye ama-antibodies ethize - ama-immunoglobulins. Ama-immunoglobulins emntwaneni akhiwa kancane kancane, abe njengabantu abadala kuze kube seminyaka ethile.

Indima ebalulekile ekusungulweni kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi edlalwa yimigomo eyenziwe esemncane, kanye nokuhlangana kwemvelo kwengane enezinambuzane kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane eminyakeni emihlanu yokuphila. Ocebileyo uyoba inkumbulo yokutheleleka, kungcono i-crumb izovikelwa esikhathini esizayo.

Ukulungele impi
Esinye sezici zokuzivikela okuqondile yi-immunoglobulins. Ngezinga labo, umuntu angahlulela ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo futhi anqume ngokunembile "isitha".

Kunezinhlobo ezingu-5 zama-immunoglobulin: A, M, G, D, E. I-Immunotubulin D ibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwe-B-lymphocytes. I-Immunotubulin A (lgA) ikhuthaza ukuvikelwa kwamagundane amancane. Amazinga aphakeme we-lgA egazini abonisa inqubo yokuvuvukala okunzima. Ama-antibodies weqembu le-M (lgM) awakhunjulwa okokuqala ngumphathi "," kodwa ngemva kokushayisana naye izikhathi ezingu-2-3, baqala ukuqaphela futhi basebenzela ukubhujiswa. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo, ukugoma kwe-IgM kwakungenzeka. Uma igonywe egazini lomntwana ngamanani amancani amancane akhuliswa amagciwane ukuze umzimba uthuthukise ama-antibodies awo. Ama-Antibodies weqembu M kanye ne-lgA alwa nokutheleleka ekuqaleni. Amazinga aphakeme we-lgM ezisanda kuzalwa abonakalisa ukutheleleka kwe-intrauterine (i-toxoplasmosis, i-herpes). Ezinganeni ezindala - ukuthi ingane ihlangabezane negciwane kuqala futhi manje iphelile. Ukusebenzisa i-lgG, umzimba "uqeda" ukutheleleka. Kuthatha amasonto amabili ukuwakhiqiza. Ukuba khona emzimbeni wama-antibodies kuleli klasi kugciwane elithile kusho ukuthi umuntu usulele ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi (isishukela, inkukhu) kanye nokuzivikela kuye.

I-IgE ihlanganiswa uma izidakamizwa (helminths, izibungu) zikhula emzimbeni, futhi lezi zinqamuzana zithinta ukusabela okweqile. Uma umuntu osolakala ukuthi uthola ukungezwani komzimba kunqunywe, ukuhlolwa kwegazi ku-IgE kuvamile, futhi ukucacisa ukuzwela kwezilonda - i-lgE ethize. Uma kunamandla okubhekana ne-allergen, izinga eliphezulu le-indicator yokugcina.

Qala kohambo
Uma abantu abadala benamagciwane okulwa namakhulu "ezinambuzane", izingane kufanele ziphumelele kuphela. Ngakho-ke ngezigaba ezahlukene zokuthuthukiswa, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela emzimbeni sinezindlela ezahlukene. Ngezici eziningi kuthinta ukuthi yiziphi izifo nokuthi ungakanani ubudala ogulayo.

Amasosha omzimba aqala ukwakha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Evikini lesithathu kuya kwelesishiyagalombili, isibindi sakha, ama-B-lymphocytes avela kuwo. Evikini lesi-5 kuya kweyishumi nambili i-thymus yakha, lapho emva kokuzalwa kwezingane ze-T-lymphocyte ziqala ukuvuthwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ifomu kanye ne-lymph nodes ifomu. Ngesonto lama-21 lokukhulelwa, i-spleen iqala futhi ukukhiqiza i-lymphocytes. Ama-lymph nodes, noma kunjalo, kufanele abambe amagciwane nezinye izinhlayiya zangaphandle futhi azigcine zingena ngaphakathi. Kodwa lo msebenzi wokuvimbela baqala ukwenza kuphela eminyakeni engu-7-8. Uma ku-1-2 u-trimesters umama olindelekile uzohlushwa isifo esithathelwanayo, ngeke kube nokulinganisela ukudla, kuyoba khona ingozi yokubunjwa okungalungile kwalezi zitho. Kule migomo, owesifazane kufanele agweme ukuxhumana nomkhuhlane kanye ne-ARVI uma kunokwenzeka, futhi ungabikho ngokweqile.

Phakathi kwamasonto e-10 no-12 wokubeletha, ingane ezayo iqala ukukhiqiza i-imunoglobulins yakhe, ngokuyinhloko ekilasini G. Eminye yalezi zinsuku ibuye ithole ngegazi lomama kanye ne-placenta cishe ngemva kokukhulelwe. Kodwa ngaphambi kwenyanga yesithupha yokukhulelwa, ama-immunoglobulin omama akhona egazini lomntwana ongakazalwa kuphela ngemali encane kakhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ingozi yokutheleleka iphezulu kakhulu kubantwana abandulele kakhulu.

Emva kweviki lama-32 lokukhulelwa, ama-antibodies aqala ukwakha ngokushesha, okuzovikela ingane ekuguleni ezinyangeni zokuqala emva kokuzalwa.