I-kid isivele ibukeze ngezindawo ezibunjiwe ezinemibala eminingi, ngokuyisimangaliso "ephumelelayo" ngokugcoba kwesinkwa noma emgodini wejamu.
Ngokuba imvuthu, kubonakala sengathi kuyisimangaliso: izolo isinkwa sesinkwa sasibukeka singavamile, futhi namuhla ... sigcwele ama-gray, aphuzi, amabala aluhlaza! Kuyini? " Ivelaphi? Kungenzeka yini ukuba udle isinkwa esinjalo? "- kubuza i-pokachka encane, noma mhlawumbe ayizange iqale ngesikhunta, kodwa ngokugula:" Kusihlwa ngangiphelele kahle, kodwa namuhla? " Noma omncinyane wabona umama ugoqa inhlama yemvubelo: "Kungani ihamba ngaphansi kwepini yokugcoba? Futhi kungani uphuma emphakathini? Futhi ubani owenza izimbobo ekuvivinyweni? "Izingane azikwazi ukulinda ukufunda konke!
Futhi ngempela, yini esiyazi ngempela mayelana nalezi nezinye izinambuzane ezincane ezizungezile nsuku zonke?
I-Debunking Myths
Iningi labantu liqinisekile ukuthi kusuka ezincane zempilo-okumele kube nokulimala futhi kufanele kuhloswe ukubhubhisa ngazo zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo: kusuka ekuhlanjuleni izandla nge-soap antibacterial kanye nokuphela kokwelashwa kwesentimitha ngasinye segumbi eliphethe ama-chlorine anezinhlaka. Omunye uthola ngisho nezibani ze-ultraviolet ekamelweni labantwana, esikhundleni sokugubha izandla zabo: "Hamba, manje gcina! Njengasesibhedlela kuyoba khona: ukuhlanzeka nokuhlunga! "Kodwa, okwamanje, ososayensi baye baziwa isikhathi eside - ama-microbes, noma, njengoba kuthiwa ngokufanelekile, ama-microorganisms, yonke indawo, ngakho akusizi ngalutho ukulwa nabo. umzimba wakho.
Ngezinye izikhathi wonke umama uyazibuza ukuthi yiliphi uhlobo lwebhaktheriya elizuzayo nokuthi yini ewusizo kakhulu kumntwana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kwama-microorganisms, ukuphila kuMhlaba kwakungeke kwenzeke nakancane!
Umjikelezo womhlaba wonke wezinto kwenzeka ngokuqondile ngokuhlanganyela kwabo okusebenzayo: uma lezi zisebenzi ezincane zivele zanyamalala, umhlaba uzongcwatshwa ngokushesha ngezinsalela zezilwane ezifile nezilwane ezifile. Babuyela emhlabathini lapho izinto ezimbiwa ngamaminerali "zithathwe" kuzo izitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela zilawula ukuzala kwayo, kanye nemikhiqizo yokudla etafuleni lethu nsuku zonke?
Kodwa futhi lezi zinambuzane zasebenza: ziphuza ubisi ezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo yobisi obumuncu, zenziwe isinkwa esivela emvubelo inhlama eluhlaza, ebhakawa kangcono futhi kalula, zigcinwe kithi imikhiqizo eqoshiwe futhi eqoshiwe, zanakekelwa ngisho nokuzilibazisa kwethu, okwenza utshwala, zazama ukusinika izidlo ezidliwayo - isibonelo, ama-cheeses ane-mold mold "Roquefort" ne "Camembert". Ochwepheshe beCulinary basebenzisa i-citric acid ekhishwe ezibunjini (okuyizinto ezingaphansi kwe-microworld), ama-agronomists - amalungiselelo e-bacterial yokulwa nezifo nezinambuzane zezitshalo ezihlwanyelwe, ama-zootechnicians alungiselela ukudla okunomsoco futhi okugcinwe isikhathi eside kwezilwane zasemapulazini (njenge-silage), amakhemikhali - ama-antibiotic ahlukahlukene , imishanguzo, ama-enzyme, amavithamini ... Sibhekene nemikhiqizo yokuphela yesenzo semithi encane izikhathi eziningana ngosuku, ngaphandle kokucabanga ngakho.
Futhi abangane abangabonakali abahlala kithi nakithi? Yiqiniso, kunezivakashi ezingalindelekile, kodwa iningi lazo zifakwe kwiqembu elihloniphekile "i-microflora yomuntu evamile": izinambuzane ezindawo eziningi zihlala esikhumbeni nasezinambuzaneni ezinamakha, kodwa iningi lazo zonke izifo ezincane zihlala emathunjini, lapho zisebenza khona umzimba womuntu. Ezinye zikhiqiza ama-enzyme, ukusiza ekutholeni ngokugcwele izakhi ezivela ekudleni okungenayo, abanye bakhiqiza amavithamini, abanjwe odongeni lwamathumbu futhi asetshenziswa yizilwane zabazalwane bonke. Okwesithathu (i-acidophilic ne-bifidoba Terii, kanye E. coli) abe-antibiotic (m. e. abacindezela umsebenzi wokuphila) izakhiwo isihlobo ukuba putrefactive namagciwane abangela izifo.
Manje uyaqonda ukuthi yiziphi amabhaktheriya awusizo futhi kungani kubalulekile ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo yobisi olumuncu, ikakhulukazi nesibalo esithi "Bio" egameni (liqukethe, ngaphezu kwamabhaktheriya avamile e-lactic acid, i-bifidobacteria)? Labo abazofinyelela emathunjini ngokuphepha (futhi abaningi bayophumelela), bazohlala lapho futhi bathathe okwesikhashana ukuze kuzuze umuntu.
Fly in the ointment
Nokho, akuzona zonke izinto eziqhakazile kakhulu. Njenganoma yisiphi isidalwa semvelo, ama-microbes ahlukile futhi angawa ngaphansi kwencazelo "yokulimaza ngokuphelele" noma "ewusizo ngokuphelele." Awukwazi ukuphulukisa izifo ezihlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo futhi eziyingozi kakhulu - futhi ziyizinsolo ezincane ezingabonakali, ezingabonakali. Yiqiniso, ososayensi baye bafunda ukulwa nabaningi babo - kwezinye izindawo ngisho nokunqoba kweplanethi kuye kwanqotshwa, ezinye zaphetha isikhashana (isibonelo, uchoko, noma, njengoba kuthiwa ngenye indlela, uchoko, inani lamacala emhlabeni liyancipha njalo ngonyaka, kodwa kuze kube manje kungakapheli ukukhuluma ngokunqoba komuntu ngesifo). Ezinye izinambuzane zokutheleleka zibe yingozi enkulu kuze kube manje, naphezu kwezinga lamanje lokuthuthukiswa kwemithi - isibonelo, isifo sofuba. Futhi izifo ezintsha zivela ngezikhathi ezibuhlungu: khumbula okungenani igciwane lesandulela ngculazi noma umkhuhlane wezingulube (nakuba eziningi zazo zingabizwa ngokuthi zintsha kuphela ngokwemvelo - kaningi lokhu kuyisayensi eyaziwa kakhulu, kodwa manje isisombululo semvelo esinezici ezintsha).
Ngaphezu kokuthi ama-microorganisms abangela izifo ezihlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo, eziningi zazo zibangela ukulimala komuntu kanye neminye - isibonelo, kuholela ekudleni kokudla. Futhi ngokuvamile lezi zihlobo ezifanayo: amabhaktheriya e-lactic acid aphuza ubisi olusha; i-yeast iholela ekuvutsheni futhi kutholakala ama-juice nezithelo; isikhunta ... Nokho, ngokubunjwa konke kucacile. Ngenhlanhla, umuntu ufunde ukubhekana nalolu hlobo lwenkinga - akumangazi manje ukuthi kunezindlela eziningi zokulondoloza nokukhiqiza imikhiqizo: kusuka ekubheni okubilisiwe kuya ekwelapheni kwe-ultrasound, kusukela ekumiseni okulula ukusebenzisa ama-preservatives amakhemikhali, ukwandisa impilo yeshefu izikhathi eziningana noma ngisho nomyalelo wokuphakama.
Ubani okufanele abe nesaba
Ukuzivikela ezincane zemvelo futhi ubenze nabangani abawusizo (noma abangenabungozi), kwanele ukugcina imithetho elula, eyaziwayo: ukugeza izandla ngaphambi kokudla nangemva kokuvakashela indlu yangasese, emva kokubuyela ekhaya kusuka kuphi, hlamba imifino ethengwe emakethe noma esitolo kanye nezithelo, ukuqapha impilo yomkhiqizo wezintambo, phakathi nezifo zengculaza, ukunciphisa ukuxhumana nabantu abathintekayo bokutheleleka. Futhi ngokujwayelekile, imithetho ejwayelekile yokuhlanzeka nokuhlanzeka kungakhanselwa okwamanje, kodwa kubonakala kungenakuqhathaniswa nokubhujiswa okuvamile futhi okuvamile kwamagciwane ezincane ekhaya. Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu. Okokuqala, njengoba kushiwo, amabhaktheriya nezinhlamvu ze-isikhunta isikhunta yonke indawo, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kokwelashwa akukona isikhathi eside. Okwesibili, akuzona nje izidakamizwa ezilimazayo ezivelele ekubhujisweni, kodwa konke okunye (okuwusizo nokungenandaba nomzimba), futhi ososayensi sebevele befakazele ukuthi imihlangano ejwayelekile nabamele abakwa microworld iyadingeka ekwakheni ingane evamile yengculazi. Futhi, okwesithathu, ama-disinfactant ngokuvamile ayimvelo enobudlova, engenzi nje kuphela kuma-microorganisms, kodwa nakwezilwane ezifuywayo kanye nabantu.
Masidlale nomntwana
Sizodlala kubososayensi-ama-microbiologist, ababeka ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kuma microorganisms. Kusobala ukuthi i-microscope ayikho endlini yonke, futhi noma ngabe ikhona, khona-ke amabhaktheriya ngisho nalo akulula ukubona - sidinga amathuluzi akhethekile, amatare ... Noma kunjalo, ama-microbes akhululekile kangangokuthi wona ngokwawo kunzima ukubona, kodwa imisebenzi yabo - sicela !! !! Okokuqala, chaza ingane ukuthi yiziphi izilwanyana ezincane, lapho zihlala khona, ukuthi zenzani, kungani singaboni. Bese uqala ukutadisha i-microcosm ekhangayo futhi ehlukahlukene! Khumbula ukuthi ezinye izivivinyo zenzelwe intsha kakhulu, kanti abanye - ziyatholakala ekuqondeni izingane ezisakhulile kakade.
Kungani ubisi lubuhlungu?
Yenza ukuhlolwa okulula - uthele ezindebe ezihlukene zobisi ezahlukene: inzalo (enomphelo omude we-shelf), ongagciniwe (futhi uthengiwe) futhi ubilisiwe (ungabilisa nobisi olungagciniwe). Uma kunokwenzeka, ungakwazi ukwengeza ubisi lwasekhaya olungazange luphathwe ngokushisa. Vumela izinyane lilandele ukuzama kwedwa: nsuku zonke uhlola isimo "sezifundo zokuhlola." Kumntwana osekhulile, kungase kube mnandi ukugcina "iDayari yokuBheka" - njengabososayensi bangempela!
Ekupheleni kwesifundo, umntwana kufanele enze isiphetho - ubisi obusheshe bubuhlungu? Kungani? Abazali kufanele bachaze ukuthi yini eyabangela ukuvutshelwa (amabhaktheriya e-lactic acid afana nawo wonke imikhiqizo yobisi eboshwe esitolo), lapho ama-bacteria avela khona (ngokuvamile lezi zingqikithi zikhona ngobisi, zifika lapho ebusweni ukudla, amakhambi asetshalwe izinkomo), indlela yokuvimbela ukuchithwa ubisi (ngoba lolu ubisi luqala ukushisa ngokushisa okuthile (cishe ngo-60-80 C) bese ucolile ngokushesha), kungani ubisi kumele lugcinwe endaweni epholile indawo (esiqandisini, ukuthuthukiswa kwawo wonke amabhaktheriya wehlisa, ngakho ubisi abukali isikhathi eside).
Zingaki izimbobo ezikhona ekuvivinyweni?
Izingane cishe zinesithakazelo sokwazi ukuthi ubani owenza izimbobo eziningi kakhulu isinkwa. Ukufanekisa ngokucacile inqubo yokuphuza utshwala (okungukuthi lo mkhuba ubangelwa isikhunta esikhethekile - imvubelo futhi iholela ekusenikeni kwenhlama), asikisela ukuthi ingane kanye nawe iphinda yonke indlela edlula isinkwa ngaphambi kokuba ufike kithi etafuleni. Hlanganisa inhlama ngokufaka imvubelo, vumela ukuthi iphuze (ngalesi sikhathi imvubelo yande ezingeni elidingekayo futhi iqhubeka ukucubungula ushukela oqukethe ufulawa ube utshwala ne-carbon dioxide) bese ubhaka. Utshwala ekwenzeni ukupheka kuzokhipha amandla, futhi ama-bubbles gesi azoba yizimbobo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu.
Ngokuvamile, ngemvubelo, ungaqhuba ukuhlolwa okuningi okuthakazelisayo. Isibonelo, gcoba izinhlayiya ezifanayo zenhlama, kodwa ngokufaka imvubelo ehlukene - eyomile, enomanzi egxiliwe noma eyenziwe ngokwenziwe, futhi uqhathanise ukuthi iyiphi inhlama eyovuka ngokushesha. Imiphumela ingasetshenziswa umama ngesitsha esilandelayo sesinkwa esenziwe ekhaya. Ungazama ukwakheka: engeza ushukela owedlula, ibhotela noma ubisi, futhi uthathe imvubelo efanayo futhi uhlole ukuthi iyiphi inhlama yemvubelo eyenza ngcono. Ungakwazi ukutadisha umphumela wokushisa ngejubane lokuphakama kwenhlama: faka izingcezu zokugcoba zibe ngukushisa (ebhethri, eduze nesitofu), emakhazeni (efasiteleni noma esiqandisini) bese ushiya ekamelweni lokushisa. Zonke izivivinyo ezenziweyo zizosiza ngokucacile amantombazane - abendlukazi esizayo! - ukuqonda nokukhumbula ngezimo eziyisisekelo zokuxoxisana okufaneleko kwemvubelo inhlama, kanye nabafana - kubahloli bokuzibuza - ukujoyina usizo lomama ekhishini elingabonakali.
"Velvet" on ukhilimu omuncu
Phezu kwemikhiqizo yobisi eminingi emuncu (ngokuvamile ukhilimu omuncu noma i-yogurt) ngemuva kokugcina isitoreji eside, ngezinye izikhathi ungabona i-velvet enhle emhlophe. Lokhu futhi futhi ama-microorganisms ajwayele kithi - isikhunta isikhunta, ngokuqondile, isikhunta sebisi. Ngokuphambene namabhaktheriya obisi oluvutshiwe, isikhunta sobisi, uma singeniswa emkhiqizo, asidli. Ngakho-ke, bayihlonipha "i-velvet" yemvelo futhi balahle umkhiqizo ngaphandle kokuzisola.
Ngubani ohlala kvass?
Ukuze uthole okuhlangenwe nakho, i-kvass endala noma ubhiya, isimo esisodwa: i-kvass kufanele ibe yendalo, okubizwa ngokuthi ukuvuthwa okubukhoma.
Akukho okukhethekile okwenziwe ngakho akudingekile - vele uthele esitsheni bese ufakwa ekhishini etafuleni. Ungavali isembozo ngokuqinile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ifilimu encane iyakhiwa phezu kwe-kvass, equkethe ama-acetic acid bacteria amaningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphunga elibonakalayo le-acetic acid livela futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Chaza ingane ukuthi la mabhaktheriya afana ne-oksijeni, ekhona emoyeni, ngakho-ke athambile phezulu, futhi ungangeni phansi; basebenzisela utshwala obuqukethwe ku-kvass, ukuze kube mnandi we-acetic acid.
Kungani kungenjalo amaqanda amaqanda?
Okuhlangenwe nakho kungenziwa ngemuva kokulalela ukunakekelwa kwemvelo kwengane kanye nokuphila kwempilo - ukwehliswa kwemikhiqizo. Konke okwenzeka etafuleni lethu, ngenye indlela noma enye, ngokushesha noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ilahlekelwa phansi - itshisa, i-rotes, isikhunta. Konke, kodwa hhayi konke! Futhi ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwama-preservative wamakhemikhali, ungathola imikhiqizo emangalisayo, evikelekile ekukhunjweni ngemvelo uqobo - u-anyanisi, i-garlic, uju, iqanda ...
Yilokho okugcina futhi kuzoxoxwa ngakho. Mema usosayensi osemusha ukuba aphule iqanda lezinkukhu, ahlukanise i-yolk futhi aqhubekele ukuhlolwa kwiprotheni eluhlaza. Udinga ukuwuthululela kwezinye izitsha nokuqhathanisa, ufake umkhiqizo ohlukile kwisitsha esifanayo, isibonelo ubisi. Ingane idinga ukulinda kuze kube khona amaprotheni aqala ukuwohloka. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka nini? Uma inkukhu eyayithwala iqanda yayinempilo, ngeke neze - amaprotheni, kunalokho, alula, kunokuba iqala ukubola. Futhi izinto ezikhethekile ziyamsiza kulokhu, okubaluleke kunazo zonke yi-lysozyme (okuyinto, ngendlela, emzimbeni womuntu - ifakwe emanzini futhi ichithe amanzi), evikela okuqukethwe kweqanda kusuka kubhaktheriya.
Mhlawumbe, lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuzokwenza ukuthi, ekugcineni, i-nehochuhu encane yokudla i-testicle ewusizo? Ngamagama, yenza ubungane nama-microbes ngokwabo futhi ufundise lokhu kumntanakho - kumnandi futhi kuyasiza. Khuthaza ingane ukuba ijabulele isayensi kusukela ebuntwaneni!