Umzimba womuntu ungaba ikhaya elihle kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, eziningi zazo ezingenabungozi ngokuphelele. Nokho, ezinye zazo zingaba yingozi. Ukutheleleka ngezinye izidakamizwa kungaholela ekufeni.
Ukwelashwa komzimba
Izinto ezincane kunazo zonke ezingabangela izifo ziyi-virus ezibonakala kuphela ngaphansi kwe-microscope ye-electron. Bakwazi ukukhiqiza kuphela ngaphakathi kwamaseli omzimba. Bese kulandela amabhaktheriya nemfucumfucu yemvubelo - izinto eziphilayo ezincane ezingenayo i-unicellular, ezibonakala nge-microscope ebonakalayo. "Abahlaseli" kunazo zonke emzimbeni wethu abizwa ngokuthi ama-parasites. Leli gama lihlanganisa izidalwa ezihlukahlukene kakhulu: kusuka eplasmodia (elula, engabonwa kuphela ngaphansi kwe-microscope) izimpethu, izinhlanzi, izibungu kanye nezinyosi, okuyizinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi eziningi ezibonakalayo emehlweni. Amakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane zingaphila emzimbeni womuntu noma ngaphakathi kuwo. Iningi lazo alilimazi futhi alifanelanga ukunakwa. Ingxenye ebalulekile yabo ihlala esikhumbeni nasezinwele noma emathunjini.
Ukukhomba izidumbu
Ukutadisha ama-parasites kuhilele ochwepheshe-ama-parasitologists. Umsebenzi wabo ukuthola ukuthi i-infestation ye-parasitic (ebizwa nangokuthi igciwane noma ukugxila) futhi imisela ukwelashwa okufanele. Ama-parasites amaningi, njengezibungu nezintambo, zinkulu ngokwanele ngakho-ke zibonakala emehlweni. Ayinto engathandeki, kodwa ayingozi ngokwabo. Noma kunjalo, bangakwazi ukuthwala izifo ezingase zibe nzima kakhulu. Ukutholwa kwalokhu kuyimfanelo yama-parasitologists. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile isizathu esiwukuphela kokubonisana nomgudu we-parasitologist ngolwazi mayelana nezifo ezithathelwanayo. Ama-parasites ajwayelekile kakhulu emazweni aseNtshonalanga, njengoba izimo zezulu nezindlwana ezincane zenza izimo ezingathandeki zokudluliselwa kwazo nokusinda kwazo. Isizathu esivame kakhulu sokuxhumana ne-laboratory ye-parasitology ukubonakala kwamabonakaliso angaqondakali ngemuva kokubuya ohambweni. Izibonakaliso zokutheleleka kwe-parasitic kungaba isifo sohudo, umkhuhlane kanye nezinye, izimpawu ezivamile. Izidakamizwa zivame kakhulu emazweni ampofu ngesimo sezulu esishisayo, lapho kungenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokudabuka. Isizathu esivame kakhulu somkhuhlane nokufa e-Afrika kubonakala sengathi i-malaria; I-Ankylostomiasis iyimbangela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke yokuphefumula kwegazi emhlabeni jikelele, futhi ukuxubana kubantu abadala kubangelwa ukuthi i-cysticercosis (isifo esibangelwa izibungu zamathpomms ezihlala ebuchosheni). Ama-parasites angabangela ukuhuda, izilonda zamapayipi, isimiso sezinzwa nenhliziyo - ububanzi bezimpawu zokutheleleka kwe-parasitic bukhulu kakhulu. Kuze kube yamuva, izidumbu ziningi izimbangela zezifo eYurophu, kodwa izindinganiso zokuphila ezikhulayo nezindlela zokulawula ukungcola ziye zanciphisa inani lezifo ezithathelwanayo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi isimo esinjalo ngeke siphinde siphume - isibonelo, i-malaria eYurophu yaqedwa kuphela kuma-1940. Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ezinye izinhlobo eziyingozi zezilwane zingabangela isifo esizobhubhisa iningi labantu emhlabeni.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yiliphi inani elikhulu lezifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangelwa isifo, ama-parasitologists asebenzisa izindlela ezintathu. Owokuqala ukubuza ngokucophelela kwesiguli.
Umlando wendaba
Iningi lama-parasite enobungozi ahlala kuphela ezindaweni ezithile, ngakho-ke ngaphambi kokucwaninga okuqhubekayo kuyadingeka ukuthola ukuthi yini isiguli esiphila khona nalapho ahamba khona. Akusizi ngalutho ukubheka izibungu ezithathelwana kuphela kulowo mkhakha wezwe lapho isiguli singakaze sibe khona.
Microscopy
Indlela yesibili yokuphenya iyinkimbinkimbi evamile. Amanye ama-parasite angabonakala ngeso elize, kodwa iningi lalo lincane kakhulu kulokhu. Noma kunjalo, zikhulu ngokwanele ukuze zibonwe ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Ama-parasitologists asebenzisa ama-dyes akhethekile ukuze ahluke amasampuli, kodwa ama-parasites amaningi abonakala ngaphandle kwawo. Uma isiguli sibhekana nesifo sohudo, ama-parasitologists azohlaziya isifanekiso se-stool. Ukuze uqhubeke nomzimba wabo, ama-parasite kumele aphindwe, ngakho-ke noma ngabe wona ngokwawo ahlala ngaphakathi kwenyama, okungenani ukuba khona kwamaqanda kuzokwenza ukuba khona.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Antibody
Ithuluzi lesithathu eliwusizo ukuhlolwa kwegazi. Umzimba uveza ama-antibodies ukuvikela ukulwa nama-parasites, futhi ama-parasitologists angathola ukuthi kukhona lala ma-antibodies egazini likagulane. Lokhu kusebenza njengobufakazi obungacacile bokuthi kukhona khona ama-parasite futhi ikuvumela ukuba uhlolwe kahle. I-Malaria yisifo esivamile emhlabeni wonke, ngokuvamile siwumphumela wokufa. Ama-parasites adluliselwa ngezinyolo zokumiyane. Izimpawu zesifo zifana nomkhuhlane, lapho kungekho ukwelashwa kungaholela ekoma noma ekufeni. Ukuze kuhlolwe, kuhlolwa igazi. I-protozoa yizinto eziphilayo ezingasodwa, ezinye zazo ezikwazi ukudala isifo sofuba kumuntu. I-protozoa enjalo njenge-lamblia (Giardia) ingabangela ukugula okungathí sina kubantu abanokukhubazeka okubuthakathaka, kepha kungatholakala kalula ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene zezibungu ezingabangela umuntu ukuba abe nesifo samathumbu emathumbu. Eziningi zazo azilimazi, kodwa ezinye zingabangela izifo ezinzima. Ukuxilonga kungaba nzima, ukuthola ukuthi uhlobo lwe-pathogen ludinga ukuhlaziywa kwamathambo. Nakuba izibungu eziningi ze-parasitic, isibonelo, ama-bandworms, zithinta umuthi wesisu, ezinye izinhlobo zifaka emzimbeni ngezinye izindlela, isibonelo ngesikhumba. Lezi zifo zitholakala kubahambi, nakubantu abanokuzivikela okubuthakathaka.