Spring yisikhathi sokutshala izitshalo ezintsha, izitshalo kanye nezihlahla engadini yakho. Akumangalisi neze ukuthi abantu abaningi banemibuzo eminingi kule ndaba. Isibonelo: Ngendlela efanele ukutshala izithombo? Indlela yokuthola ukuthi yiziphi izitshalo ezincane ezenziwe kuwo: ama-dwarfish, ama-dwarfish noma amade? Yeka ukuthi ungenzi kanjani iphutha ekukhethweni kwezithombo? Yonke le mibuzo iyinkimbinkimbi futhi idinga ukunakekelwa okufanele kanye nokusebenza kahle, ngoba kuyoba nesihawu uma ulinda iminyaka eminingana ngesitshalo esisodwa, futhi uthole lokho okufunayo ngenxa yalokho.
I-Rootstocks
Kunesitokisi se-clonal kanye nesisindo somzimba. Abalimi bezinhlanzi ezinhle kakhulu babheka izinqolobane zembewu, ezitholakala ngenxa yokuhlwanyela imbewu, ezihlukaniswe nesithelo sezihlahla zehlathi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile ku nurseriesuse imbewu antonovok for izithombo ngaphezulu. Okuhlangenwe nakho kochwepheshe kukhula izithombo zembewu noma imigodi. Izihlahla ze-apula ezikhulile zikhulile ezitshalweni zehlathi le-apula elisendle, ezitshalo ezincane-ezitshalweni zamawundlu aseShayina, kanye nezitshalo ezinamapula ase-Shedekker. Uma ufuna ukukhulisa i-pear, khona-ke ama-saplings akhulile ngezithombo asetshalwe emahlathini asendle, kanti amancane atshalwa izithombo ze-quince.
Ama-rootstocks ama-clone asakazwe nge-broods, hhayi imbewu. Amasheya anjalo athandwa ngababelethi abane-agrotechnics ekhethekile nezimo ezikhethekile zokutshala ingadi. Ezimpandeni ze-clonal, izihlahla azikhuli isikhathi eside, kuphela iminyaka engu-12-14 kuphela. Lapho uneminyaka eyishumi, iziqu ziqala ukwehla futhi zigula kakhulu. Uma ukufika okunjalo kuyizimboni, kuyasuswa.
Indlela yokukhetha izithombo?
Zama ukuthola izithombo kusuka kubalimi abanegama elihle, abawazi kahle ibhizinisi labo, bazi kahle le nqubo futhi bazi ukuthi yiziphi izitshalo ezisebenziseka kakhulu endaweni yakho yezulu neyomhlabathi. Uma izithombo zitshalwe emikhulu emikhulu, zama ukuzigwema, ngoba kaningi izinketho ezingcono zibekelelwe ukudayiswa. Uma uqala ukukhetha izithombo ezidingekile, kufanele uqaphele ngokukhethekile izimpande: uma impande igalelwe umbala omnyama, le nsimu ayikona kuwe. Wayegcinwa isikhathi eside futhi walahlekelwa wonke amandla akhe okuphila. Ezinye izinhlobo ezinqabile ze-rootstocks zingaba nezimpande ezincibilika ezibomvu. Uma impande ihlanganiswa ne-lobe ekhula ngaphakathi kwe-axis central, khona-ke lokhu kuyisihlahla se-clone noma imbande enezimpande (eziningi zalezi zithombo zingatholakala ku-plums kanye ne-cherries). Uma impande inezinhlamvu eziningana zamathambo, kanti inani le-lobe lincane, khona-ke lokhu kuyisithombo sembewu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga ukubuka kahle amahlumela. Uma ukhetha ipeyari, qiniseka ukuthi ayikho amachashazi amnyama nokuvuvukala emagqabeni - lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuthungwa kwemithi kuyakhula. Uma uye ukuyokhetha izithombo ze-apula, awuvunyelwe ukugcoba izilonda ezincane nezimpondo ezimnyama, ngaphandle kwalokho uzothenga umdlavuza we-sagenetszarzhenny. Okuhle kakhulu, uma isithombo singenalo ukukhula okuqinile, kungenxa yokuthi inani elikhulu lamanyolo lafakwa emanzini. Kukhona nezinye izibonakaliso, ngenxa yokuthi ungalindela kanjani ukugqoka nokubala kwezithelo zesikhathi esizayo. Ngokuvamile, uma ama-apula anemibala enombala obomvu, amahlumela ahlaza okwesibhakabhaka, abanikazi bezithelo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuphuzi, kodwa uma inzalo inomthunzi obomvu wamagxolo, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umbala uzobomvu. Uma ukhetha iplamu, qaphela umbala wamahlumela ayo. Ukudubula okubomvu okomnyama kubonisa ukuthi izithelo zizoba mnyama uma amahlumela ephuzi, aphuzi noma ahlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okusho ukuthi izithelo ziyoba nemithunzi elula. Uma ukhetha ipeyari, khona-ke kuyoba lula nakakhulu ukuthi unqume umbala wezithelo zesikhathi esizayo. Uma le nzalo inamahlumela aphuzi noma umbala omnyama obomvu, izithelo zizophuzi, uma amahlumela ehlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma aluhlaza, izithelo zizobe ziluhlaza, futhi uma amahlumela ebomvu, ama-pears wona azoba namabala aphuzi.
Manje njengoba sesinqume ekukhetheni izithombo, sekuyisikhathi sokuya ngqo ekutshaleni. Yisikhathi esihle sokuxoxa ngendaba yokutshala izithombo ngisho nokukhuluma ngokuhlela insimu.
Ama-internodes nezinso
Uma imbewu ye-apula ineziqu ezincane ezihamba phambili nezimpikiswano ezimfushane, ngakho-ke, lesi sihlahla sizokhula ngokushesha, kepha izithombo ezinamaqabunga ocindezelekile ngesibindi kanye nama-internodes amade angaqala ukuthela izithelo ngokushesha. Izithombo, eziye zagoqa amahlumela angenalutho ngokuhluma okukhulu, cishe njalo uqala ukuthela izithelo ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithombo zamapheya, ezivela ezinhlobonhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha, ngisho nasezinsukwini ezindala kakade zinamagatsha engxenyeni engezansi yesitshalo. Izindwangu, ezinamahlumela amade okude namahlumela amancane, azoqala ukuthela izithelo sekwephuzile.
Ukufika
Uma uthola izithombo, kufanele uzihlwanyele kahle. Ngokwemvelo, abalimi abaningi bayazi ukuthi uma behlwanyela izihlahla ezindaweni lapho kungakaze kube khona umuthi wesithelo, izithombo ezincane zizoqala ukukhula ngokushesha futhi zizoletha izithelo ezinkulu, ezihlanzekile nezisiphuzo. Kodwa uma, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukutshala izihlahla endaweni lapho izihlahla zikhule khona, kuyoba khona amathuba okuba izihlahla zizokhula kabi, ziqale ukulimala futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zizofa ngokuphelele.
Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuzibulala komhlabathi: impilo yokuphila kwansuku zonke iphonsa izinto ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni ezingaphazamisi, ziqoqa i-atoll. Konke lokhu kusebenza ezitshalweni zezinhlobo ezifanayo. Isibonelo, uma iminyaka eminingana emithini ye-apula elandelanayo ikhula endaweni eyodwa futhi idliwa njengomphumela, futhi izithombo ezintsha ze-apula zizotshala endaweni efanayo, ngeke ziphile. Izithombo zizophoqeka futhi ziqale ukuphumula, kepha uma utshala ipulazi kuleli zwe, lizokhula futhi likhule kangcono. Uma indawo ye-apula itshalwe iplamu noma i-cherry, iyozizwa ingcono kangcono kule nhlabathi ngisho nangaphezulu. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuba kube nemikhuba engadini ejwayelekile.
Kufanele uqaphele isikhathi sokufika. Izithelo ezihlahla kanye nezihlahla zingaqala ukutshala indawo enomhlaba kusukela ngo-10-15 kuSeptemba bese uqhubeka nokutshala kungenzeka ukuthi okungenani ungaqali. Uma sihlwanyela izihlahla ekwindla, ngokuvamile abalimi banamaqabunga okumelwe aqedwe ngezikhali futhi kuphela ama-petioles kufanele asuswe. Kulezo zindawo lapho umhlaba ukhululeka khona ngokungajwayelekile futhi ubusika ngokuvamile ebusika, ngalesi sikhathi kungenzeka ukuba utshale izihlahla, zizophelela. Ngentwasahlobo, sekuvele kungenzeka ukuqala ukutshala izithombo kusukela ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, Yebo, uma inhlabathi ingabi iqhwa futhi ingaqhubeka nokutshala kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Kufanelekile ukunaka iqiniso lokuthi ekutshalweni kwentwasahlobo ezitshalweni akufanele kube khona amaqabunga aqhakaza. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukutshala umuthi ngo-Meyi, khona-ke funa imbewu ngaphambi kwesikhathi bese uyithumela endaweni ebandayo lapho izotholakala khona ngokuthula.
Umanyolo
Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ngaphambi kokutshala noma ngenqubo yayo, umgodi wokutshala kufanele ugcwaliswe ngamaminerali amaminerali kanye nama-organic fertilizer. Abalimi abanolwazi bathi uma ukutshala, kungenjalo akunakwenzeka ukuthi umanyolo ungeniswe, ngoba lokhu kungathinta ukubaluleka kwezihlahla. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lapho ukutshala kungabalulekile ekukhuleni okusheshayo kwesihlahla, kodwa ukuthi isitshalo simisiwe kahle. Futhi ukuze umuthi uthathe izimpande awudingi noma yikuphi umanyolo, ngaleyo njongo kuphela umswakama womhlabathi nezinqolobane zangaphakathi zangaphakathi ezidingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kunomsoco emhlabathini, izimpande zikhula ngokushesha. Izitshalo ngeke zivimbele kuphela isihlahla ukuba zijwayele, kodwa zizoqala nokudweba emgodini wokutshala, ama-slugs, ama-moles nama-wireworms, futhi angalimaza izimpande.
Ukuhlelwa kwensimu
Izihlahla zidinga ukutshala endaweni ethile, kuye ngokuthi izimpande, izimila kanye nendawo yensimu ehleliwe.
Imithi eminingi idinga ukuba itshalwe kude kumamitha ayi-3-4 ukusuka komunye nomunye.
Ngesihlahla se-apula ne-apula, umgodi wokumisa ojulile we-1 wemitha kufanele ulungiswe; for turn, iplamu, entabeni ash, cherry kanye sea-ukuvuna izihlahla - 0.6 m; i-gooseberries, i-quince yamaJapane, i-currants nama-imals - 0,5 m.