Abasizi abalulekile
Ukuziphendulela kwama-congenital kuyindlela yokuziphendulela kwengane engenakuziphendulela ekugqugquzelweni kwangaphandle. I-neonatology yanamuhla ibabheka njengento "yezinto zokusebenza" zesikhashana sokuqala kwesikhathi sokuphila kwemvuthu: empeleni, naphezu kokuthi izinhlelo eziningi zomzimba zisasetshenziselwa ukuvuthwa, ingane kufanele ikwazi ukuphatha imisebenzi ebalulekile, isibonelo, ukuphefumula, inqubo yokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwama-reflexes ezindala ngokugcwele kubonisa ukuthuthukiswa okuvamile nokuvuthwa okusebenzayo kwesistimu yezinzwa eziphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwezingqondo ezidlulayo ingane idlula ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa.
Kunezinhlobo ezinjalo zokucabanga:
- ukuhlinzeka umsebenzi wezinhlelo eziyisisekelo zomzimba (ukuphefumula, ukusakaza, ukugaya kanye nabanye): ukuncelisa, ukuphefumula njalonjalo;
- ukuvikela (ukukhanyisa ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo, ukuvala amehlo uma usithinta);
- inkomba (search reflex, ukuphenduka kwekhanda kumthombo wokukhanya);
- i-atavistic (i-archaic, ifa elizuzwa okhokho), eliye laphela: ukuqonda ukucabanga, ukuhamba ngokuzenzekelayo, ukuhamba ngokuzenzekelayo nabanye.
Namuhla, kwaziwa izingcaphuno ezingaphezu kwengu-15 zokuzalwa ezisanda kuzalwa. Kungani imvelo isungula abaningi babo, ososayensi bakuthola kunzima ukuphendula, kodwa kusobala - konke kudingekile esigabeni esithile sokuthuthukiswa kwengane. Ezinye izizindlo ziqhubeka phakathi nokuphila (isib. Ukuphefumula), kodwa ngokuvamile kuvamekile njengoba ubuchopho bukhula (phakathi nezinyanga ezine zokuqala zokuphila). Indawo yabo ibhekene nokuphendula okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezimo ezinzima zokuziphatha eziguquguqukayo, umsebenzi wazo "oqondiswa" yi-cortex ye-cerebral (kunokuba kube nezinhlaka ezingaphansi kwe-cerebral kanye nobuchopho obuphakathi, njengokungathi kukhona ukucabanga okungenakunqunywa). Ukuthuthukisa ingane ngokomzimba, sibeka isisekelo sobuhlakani obuphezulu - ezinganeni lezi zinto zihlobene kakhulu! Ososayensi baseMelika bazama ukuqeqesha izingane ezisanda kuzalwa - ngokususelwa ekuzaleni "ukuhamba" kokuzalwa: ngaphambi kokondla, umama ubeka phansi etafuleni ukuze ahlele kabusha imilenze. Ngokusho kwemiphumela yocwaningo, bonke "abagijimi" baqala ukuhamba bodwa izinyanga eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili, futhi babehlakaniphile kakhulu kunezinye izingane.
Hlola!
Yiqiniso, kuphela i-neonatologist yezobuchwepheshe engakwazi ukuqonda ngokugcwele isinkimbinkimbi sabasizi "abayisisekelo" emntwaneni, kodwa kuyoba usizo kubazali ukuthi bafunde kabanzi mayelana nokuziphendulela. Iqiniso liwukuthi uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwezakhi zofuzo lomntwana onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila luyinto engavamile, futhi kuyisikhathi esijwayelekile sokuziphendulela nokuhlolwa kwamandla okuthuthukiswa kwawo okuvumela ukuthi kunqunywe ukuthi kukhona yini ukwephula okuvela eceleni kohlelo lwezinzwa zomphakathi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuhlola "amakhono" emvuthu kuyathandeka kakhulu! Ngakho-ke, senza "ukuhlolwa kwe-reflex": I-reflex yokusesha (i-Kussmaul reflex) - ingane iphendulela ikhanda ekuphenduleni ukuthinta esihlathini, futhi lapho ishaya isikhumba ekhoneni lomlomo - ihlisa umlomo ophansi iphinde ihlanekeze ulimi olubhekene nesisusa (sifuna isifuba somama). Lesi sici siyingxenye ebalulekile yesidlo sokufuna ukudla, futhi sikhulunywa ngokukhethekile ngaphambi kokudla. Ufa emasontweni angaba ngu-6-7, epheleka ngokuphelele ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala. I-reflex ye-suckling - ibonakaliswe ekunyameni okunyakayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi ufake umunwe noma i-pacifier emlonyeni. "Emandleni" ngonyaka wokuqala. I-proboscis reflex - ngokushaya kancane emlonyeni wengane, isisindo esiyindilinga emlonyeni sinenkontileka, okwenza ukwandiswa kwezindebe nge-proboscis. Kuze kube izinyanga ezimbili noma ezintathu. I-reflex ye-palm-mouth (i-refkin ye-Babkin) - uma ucindezela isithupha sakho entendeni yengane (endaweni yokuphakama kwesithupha), umlomo uvula futhi ikhanda liphenduka. Ilahleka ezinyangeni ezintathu noma ezine. Ukucabangela ukucabanga (i-reflex kaRobinzon) - uma uthintwa yisandla sesandla, ingane iyakuthatha ngokuzenzakalelayo iphinde ibambe "it." Futhi kunzima kakhulu: isibonelo, angakwazi, ephethe izandla ngemuva kweminwe yomuntu omdala, ilenga, ugcine isisindo somzimba wakhe! Kancipha kancane kancane izinyanga ezintathu noma ezine. I-reflex yokuzivikela - esimweni esiswini, ingane iphakamisa ikhanda futhi iphendukele eceleni kwayo ukuze ingagcini (nge hypertonus, ikhanda liphonswa emuva, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi lilinganiselwa ukuthi likwazi ukulibamba). Kuze kube izinyanga ezimbili.
I-Babinsky reflex (plantar) - uma umunwe ulandelwa eceleni kwezinyawo, izinzwane zonyawo ziphuma ngezindlela ezihlukene (futhi ukucindezela ngomunwe ku-foot pad kwenza ukuba iminwe iguquke). Kuze kube izinyanga ezine kuya kwezinhlanu. Moro Reflex - kwenzeka ngezwi elikhulu, ukuthinta okungazelelwe: ekuqaleni ingane ibuyele emuva, idonsela eceleni bese idlulisela iminwe yakhe, - njengokungathi iyavuma. Kunconywa ukuba uyenze kuphela ngenhloso yokuxilonga, ukuze ungesabi isikhathi esisodwa. Izifo ezinyangeni ezine noma ezinhlanu. Ukusekelwa kwe-Reflex - uma ukhulisa ingane, uyithatha ngaphansi kwegundane (ikhanda kufanele lisekelwe yiminwe yenkomba), ligoqa imilenze kumalungu. Ngaphambi kokwesekwa - uhlala onyawo lwakhe olugcwele futhi "umi" emilenzeni eboshwe, uqondise isiqu. Ivezwe kuze kube inyanga nengxenye. Ukuhamba ngokuzenzekelayo kwe-Reflex - ukuqhubeka kokusekelwa kwe-reflex. Esikhundleni sokuma (ingane ibanjwe ngaphansi kwamagundane), i-crumb ihlala emilenzeni etafuleni, futhi uma uyifaka kancane phambili - "iya" (kunezinyathelo zokuhamba ngezinyawo). I-physiological kuze kube inyanga nengxenye. Ukukhwabanisa kwe-reflex (i-Bauer) - endaweni lapho umntwana ekhulelwa khona ephakamisa ikhanda futhi ehamba, uma ubeka isandla sakho ezinyaweni (ukuxoshwa ekusekelwa). Kuze kube izinyanga ezine. I-Talent Reflex - uma uswayipha ngomunwe wakho emzimbeni kusukela ehlombe kuya emadodeni, ingane ivulekile ekuqondeni kwe-stimulus. Kuze kube izinyanga ezintathu noma ezine. I-Reflex Peres - uma udlulisa umunwe wakho emgodleni kusuka ku-coccyx kuya entanyeni, umntwana uzogoba, aphakamise ikhanda futhi amemeze. Kuze kube izinyanga ezintathu noma ezine. Ukuzindla okubhukuda - ingane yenza ukunyakaza kufana nokubhukuda, uma uyibeka esiswini sakho. Kuze kube izinyanga ezintathu noma ezine. Ukulibazisa ukuphefumula kwe-reflex - uma amanzi ehlasela ubuso, umntwana ugcina ngokuphefumula ukuphefumula imizuzwana engu-5-6. I-Reflex iyasiza ingane ukuba inqobe ngokuvikelekile umsele wokuzala (futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi leli khono eliyingqayizivele lomntwana osanda kuzalwa lisebenzisa amasu okufundisa izingane ukubhukuda). Ihamba ngemva kwenyanga yesithathu.
Kukhona isikhuthazo!
Ingabe kufanelekile ukuthuthukisa ukuzindla kokuzalwa? Imibono yolwazi ngalolu daba ihlukaniswe: abanye bacabanga ukuthi kunamathele (bayokwenza okufanayo baphume), abanye bayaqiniseka ukuthi kuwufanele!
Ngoba:
- ukugqugquzelwa kokuzindla okungenakunqotshwa kukhuthaza "ukuthuthukiswa" kwabo ekuthuthukiseni amakhono amakhono (asekela, edonsa, ehamba, ebhukuda);
- ingane ikhula ngokomzimba, ishesha, iguquguquke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi enjalo ihilela njalo ukuthintana okusebenzayo komntwana nabazali, ukwandisa umsebenzi wakhe wamandla nokukwazi ukuxhumana nemvelo.
Kumanothi
Ngokuvamile, ukucabanga kwengane enempilo kunesimiso ("impendulo" iyafana kokubili ngakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele). Ukucindezelwa kwezindinganiso kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokuphulwa komsindo we-muscle noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwesistimu yezinzwa. I-Reflexes inexabiso lokuxilonga kuphela ngokuhambisana nezinye izimpawu (ukushintsha noma yikuphi ukucabanga ngokungahambi kwezinye izifo ze-neurolo akuyona isizathu sokwesaba).
Izindlela zokuzivocavoca zokuthuthukiswa kwezingqondo
Lezi zivivinyo zivuselela ukucabanga nokuthi "isinyathelo". Abasunguli bezinye zezindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko yokuqala uBenis no-Elena Nikitina bakholelwa ukuthi uhlelo oluncane olunjalo luyoba ngokwanele: ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga, ingane iqeqeshiwe "ekhanda lokuqala", futhi ayifundi yonke into "entsha", enikezwa kanzima. Gcwalisa iminwe yezinkomba ezinqenqemeni zengane bese uzama ukuyiphakamisa ngaphezu kwesikhala noma ukuyibeka emilenzeni. Faka i-crossbar esitokisini bese ubonisa ukuthi ingathathwa kanjani. Ukuqinisa, umntwana uzoqinisa imisipha yezingalo nangemuva, ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuhlala phansi avuke. Beka iminyango emilenzeni bese umcela ukuba "ahambe kancane". Ufuna okungaphezulu? Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa komfundisi onolwazi, zama ukuncelisa (ithula "ukucabanga" kwamanzi) noma ukuzivocavoca kusuka ekuzivocavoca okunamandla (kokubonisana nodokotela wezingane kusengaphambili). Le nqubo ibuyele emuva ekujuleni okujulile: eRussia izingane zazivame ukuthathwa ngaphansi kwezibopho, ziphonswe phezulu, zisonteke zodwa. Ukubaluleka okubaluleke kakhulu kwezinguquko kunokwaneliseka kwezidingo zemoto yengane esikhathini lapho ukunyakaza okuzimele kungakatholakali khona.